148 MODERN FRUIT MARKETING 
straight up. In most of the citrus fruit shipments 
from the West, the boxes are set on end. These boxes 
are longer than the apple box and have a partition 
through the center. This keeps the fruit from settling 
down too much, and by placing the package on end, 
two tiers will about fill the car to its capacity. 
Most of the apples that are shipped from the north- 
west, the boxes are placed on the side in the car, 
the long way of the box being placed the long way of 
the car. They are given air space for each box on 
the sides, top and bottom, which permits proper cir- 
culation. The ends, however, are placed together so as 
to avoid end play while the cars are being switched or 
jolted. 
In the case of the packages for cherries or grapes or 
other kinds of small fruits, where the boxes are made 
more rigid, several are placed together in one larger 
package like the four-box grape carriers that come from 
the West. These are nearly always set straight up, leav- 
ing the air space, not between each separate box but be- 
tween each set of six boxes that are set together. In 
barrels no special precaution is necessary because each 
package is rigid enough to support the contents. They 
are usually set on end, two barrels high: In some cases 
they are laid on the side, but this is not usually desirable 
except where transportation is by boat. Most of the 
ocean shipments of barreled fruit are piled on the side 
instead of on end. 
In loading fruit into cars, a layer is placed on the 
floor of the car in the position desired and then 1 x 114- 
inch cleats, long enough to reach across the car, are 
nailed to the ends of each box and fastened to the sides 
