TRANSPORTATION 149 
of the car. One of these cleats is placed between each 
tier of boxes. This will prevent both end and side play, 
also separate each box sufficiently for the proper circula- 
tion of air. Each end of the car is loaded in this way 
until the door in the center is reached and then, instead 
of filling this space with fruit, it is left open, each half 
being braced by itself. To do this, 2 x 4inch uprights 
are placed in front of each row of boxes and nailed to 
the floor and roof of the car. Then between these and 
across the center space are put braces to prevent the 
giving and loosening of the load. 
The capacity of refrigerator cars varies in accord- 
ance with the length of the car. Usually they are made 
in three different lengths, 36, 40 and 42 feet. For 
apples and citrus fruit, the capacity of these is about 
as follows: Thirty-six-foot car for apples, 500 boxes; 
citrus, 336. Forty-foot car for apples, 550 boxes; cit- 
rus, 384. Forty-two-foot car for apples, 600 boxes; 
citrus, 409. Where half boxes are shipped instead of 
the regular size the number will be about 50% greater. 
When apples are shipped in barrels, the cars will hold 
from 150 to 200 barrels. 
In ocean traffic, there is, of course, no limit to the 
number of boxes or barrels which may be shipped on 
some of the larger vessels. It is not infrequent to find 
from 40,000 to 60,000 barrels sent to Europe by one 
boat. While the motion of the larger boats is not usu- 
ally very great, considerable damage is often done to 
fruit shipped by water. Most of this is probably done 
in the loading and unloading of the boat rather than 
from the movement of the ship. The packages are not 
ordinarily made rigid when thus shipped. Most of 
