SELLING AGENCIES 201 
who are outside of the organizations reap the increased 
prices that are maintained by the exchanges. That is an 
inducement for narrow-minded men to stay outside of 
the organization. In some cases, prices have been ad- 
vanced by the associations and the independent growers 
have reaped the result. In other cases, where jobbers 
and commission houses handle the fruit of certain sec- 
tions, they purposely inflated prices to deter men from 
becoming members of the exchange or to induce those 
already members to withdraw and weaken the exchange. 
Another difficulty often set forth is that of keeping 
the quality of the fruit up to standard. Some years the 
different fruit sections might have a poor crop and gen- 
eral climatic conditions make the entire yield of lower 
grade. In such cases it is particularly difficult to keep 
a standard pack and grade from year to year. However, 
this is obviated largely by the guarantee which organiza- 
tions are able to maintain, and the buyers knowing that 
if the fruit is off standard, they can demand a rebate or 
a decrease in price paid for the goods. Another diffi- 
culty is in general crop failures. This is only true 
where the organizations cover limited territory. If a 
local exchange representing one fruit-growing section has 
an entire crop failure, this would leave the exchange 
with practically no work to do for the whole year. 
Where the locals are combined into a central exchange 
covering a large territory, this is not a valued objection 
against the organization, because no large area in fruit 
production can possibly have an entire crop failure in 
one year. 
The old objection and the one usually advanced is 
that of jealousy, envy and lack of confidence, While 
