COMPOSITAE (composite FAMILY) 775 



-t- +- Leaves alternate ; pappus soft-capillary, copious. 



77. Erechtitcs. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate with filiform corollas. 



78. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft. 



79. Senecio. Heads usually ratliate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed. 



Tribe IX. CYNArEAE. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray-like and neutral in noa. 

 8G nnd ST). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip. Style- 

 branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below. 

 Pappus mostly bristly. Leaves alternate. 



* Achenes attached by the base ; flowers all alike. 

 +■ Leaves not prickly ; style-branches partly distinct ; filaments glabrous. 



80. Arctium. Involucral bracts hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough bristles. 



-*- -1- Leaves prickly ; etyle-b ranches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below. 

 ■H- Involucres 1-flowered, aggregated into dense globose heads. 



81. Echinops. General involucre small, reflexed, and hidden. Coarse thistle-like herbs, wi'',h 



large globular (compound) heads of pale flowers. 



++ ++ Involucres many-flowered. 



-= Filaments papillose-pilose, free. 



u. Eeceptaele densely bristly. 



82. Garduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose. 



83. Cirsium. Pappus-bristles plumose. 



b. Receptacle deeply honeycombed, scarcely or not at all bristly. 



84. Onopordnm. Pappus-bristles not plumose. 



= = Filaments glabrous, united into a tube. 



85. Silybum. Involucral bracts ending in a long stout spinescent appendage, spreading or 



reflexed, Receptacle densely bristly. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Stout thistle-like 

 herbs, with large heads. 

 * * Achenes obliquely attached ; marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like. 



86. Centaurea. Pappus of several series of short scales or bristles or none. Flowers red, 



purple, blue, white, or rarely yellow. 



87. Cnicus. Pappus of 10 short horny teeth, 10 long bristles, and 10 shorter ones. Flowers 



yellow. 



Series II. LIGULIFL6rAE 

 Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers perfect. 

 Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate. 



Tribe X. CICHORIeAE. Characters of the series. 



* Pappus none ; annuals, 

 -I- Leafy-stemmed. 



88. Lapsana. Involucre cylindrical, calyculate-bracteate at base. 



89. Serinia. Involucre not calyculate. 



-t- -K Leaves all basal. 



90. Arnoseris. Involucral bracts narrow, at length carinate-thickened. 



* * Pappus chafiy, or of both chaff and bristles. 



91. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales. 



92. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chafi'and bristles 



* * * Pappus plumose. 

 9t. Hypochaeris. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform, the inner produced into long slender 

 beaks. Leaves radical. 



94. Leontodon. Similar. Achenes uniform. 



95. PicriS. Outer involucral bracts spreading. Achenes terete, not beaked. Stems leafy. 



96. Tragopogon. Jnvoliicre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy. 



