824 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 



summit of the stem ; bracts tawny, the inner often marked with purple. — 

 Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of s. Me. to Fla.; and from O. to Kan., and 

 southw. (Trop. Am.) 



31. iNULA L. Elecampane 



Heads many-flowered, radiate ; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre 

 imbricated, hemispherical, the outer bracts herbaceous or leaf-like. Receptacle 

 naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4-5-ribbed; pappus simple, 

 of capillary bristles. — Coarse herbs, not floccose-woolly, with alternate simple 

 leaves, and large yellow heads. (The ancient Latin name.) 



1. I. Hel^nium L. (Elecampane.) Stout perennial, 1-1.5 m. high ; leaves 

 large, woolly beneath ; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others 

 partly clasping ; rays very many, narrow. — Roadsides and damp pastures. Aug. 

 — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.) 



32. ADENOCAULON Hook. 



Heads 5-10-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas, the 

 marginal flowers pistillate, fertile ; the others perfect but sterile. Involucral 

 bracts equal, in 1 row. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes 

 elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above ; pappus 

 none. — Slender perennials, with alternate thin petioled leaves smooth and green 

 above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, 

 beset with glands (whence tlie name, from iS-jv, a gland, and KauX6s, a stem). 



1. A. bicolor Hook. Stem 3-0 dm. high ; leaves triangular, rather heart- 

 shaped, with angular-toothed margins ; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shores 

 of L. Huron, L. Superior, and westw. 



33. POLtMNIA L. Leafcup 



Heads broad, many-flowered ; rays several (rarely abortive), pistillate ; disk- 

 flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral bracts in two rows ; the outer large, 

 spreading ; the inner membranaceous, partly embracing the thick achenes. 

 Receptacle flat, membranous-chaffy. Pappus none. — Tall branching peren- 

 nials, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large, thin, opposite, or the 

 uppermost alternate, lobed, with ^'l^t^d appendages at the base. Heads in 

 panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated 

 to the Muse, Polyhymnia, for no obvious reason.) 



1. P. canadensis L. Clammy-hairy, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; lower leaves deeply 

 pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3-5-lobed or -angled, petioled ; 

 heads small ; rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, usually 

 minute or abortive, whitish-yellow, but sometimes (var. radiXta Gray) more 

 developed, 3-lobed, 1 cm. long, and whitish; achenes 3-costate, not striate. — 

 Moist shaded ravines, w. Vt. to Ont., Minn., southw. and southwestw. 



2. P. uvedalia L. Moughish-hairy, stout, 1-3 m. high ; leaves broadly ovate, 

 angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly nar- 

 rowed into a winged petiole ; outer involucral bracts very krge ; rays 10-15, 

 linear-oblong, much longer than the inner bracts of the involucre, yellow; 

 achenes strongly striate. — Rich soil, N. Y. to Mo., and southw. 



34. ACANTHOSP^RMUM Schrank 



Heads small, axillai-y or subsessile in the forks of the stem. Ray-flowers few, 

 fertile ; the ligules small, yellow, usually 3-dentate ; the disk-flowers with cam- 

 panulate yellow 5-toothed corolla, sterile. Involucre double, the outer bracts 

 herbaceous, the inner more or less strongly modified, closrly enveloping the 

 fertile ray-achenes, muricate or prickly. — Diffuse annuals with opposite toothed 

 or lobed leaves. (Name from &Ka.vea, a thorn, and <rwipij.aL, seed, from the prickly 

 fruit formed by the aohene and its investing bract.) 



