COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 



865 



low. T. officinale. 

 Heads and leaf-tips x %. 



nate ; flowers yellow. (Name from rapiaaeiv, 

 to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal 

 properties.) 



1. T. oii-FioiNiLE Weber. (Common D.) 

 Leaves coarsely pinnatifld, sinuate-dentate, 

 rarely subentire ; heads large (3-5 cm. broad), 

 orangery ellow ; involucral bracts not glaucous ; 

 the outer elongated, conspicuously reflexed; 

 achene olive-green or brownish, bluntly murioate 

 above, its beak 2-3-times its length ; pappus 

 white. (T. Dens-leonis Desf. ; 

 T. Taraxacum Karst.) — Pas- 

 tures and fields, very common. 

 Apr.-Sept. (and rarely through- 

 out autumn and winter). • — 

 After blossoming, the inner in- 

 volucre closes, and the slender 

 beak elongates and raises up 

 the pappus while the fruit is 

 forming ; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the 

 wind the naked fruits, vf ith the pappus in an open globular l"!^- '^- °^- ''■ P"'- 

 head. (Nat. from Eu.) Eig. 1014. Closed head x 2/3. 



Var. pALiJsTRE (Sm.) Blytt. Outer bracts lance- 

 olate to deltoid-ovate, ascending or spreading^ — In 

 damp places, e. Que. to Ct. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 

 1015. 



2. T. ERTTHROSPERMUM Audrz. (Eed-seeded D.) 

 Leaves deeply runcinate-pinnatifid or pinnately divided 

 into narrow segments; heads smaller (2-3 cm. broad), 

 sulphur-yellow, outer ligules purplish without ; invo- 

 lucre glaucous, the inner bracts corniculate-appendaged 

 at tip ; the outer short, lanceolate, spreading or ascend- 

 ing; achene smaller, bright red or red-brown, sharply 

 muricate above, more than half as long as the beak ; 

 pappus sordid-white. — In dry fields and on rocks, Me. 

 to Pa., locally w. to Kan. Late Apr. -June. (Nat. 

 from Eu.) Fig. 1016. 



1016. T. erythrospermum. 

 Heads and leaf-tip x %. 



99. s6NCHUS [Tourn.] L. Sow Thistle 



Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less im- 

 bricated. Achenes oboompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked ; pappus copious, 

 of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly 

 falling together. ^Leafy-stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly 

 smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate 

 heads of yellow flowers produced in summer and 

 autumn. (The ancient Greek name.) 



* Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; flowers bright 

 yellow, in large heads. 



1. S. ARVENSis L. (Field S.) Leaves runcinate- 

 pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped 

 base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenes trans- 

 versely 'wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, fields, and 

 gravelly shores, Nfd. and N. S. to N. J., w. to the 

 Rocky Mts., commonest northw. (Nat. from Eu.) 



« * Annual; flowers pale yellow. 



2. S. OLERicEus L. (Common S.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or 

 rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart- 



S3AY'S MANUAL 55 



lOlT. 8. oleraceus. 

 Leaf X %. Achene x 1^. 



