82 THE APPLE-TREE 



currence of Art and Nature" (I quote from the second 

 edition, Oxford, 1672) : "Grafting is an Art of so placing 

 the Cyon upon a stock, that the Sap may pass from the 

 stock to the Cyon without Impediment." Batty Langley, 

 in 1729, gave this direction in the "Pomona": "The 

 Stocks being cleft, you must therefore cut the Cion in 

 the Form of a Wedge, which must always be cut from a 

 Bud, for the Reasons aforesaid ; and then with a Graft- 

 ing-Chizel open the Slit, and place the Cion therein, so 

 that their Barks may be exactly even and smooth." 



Still earlier (1626) did William Lawson, in "A New 

 Orchard and Garden," set forth the rationale of the prac- 

 tice in his Chapter X, "On Grafting," in this wise: 

 "Now are we come to the most curious point of our 

 faculty: curious in conceit, but indeed as plaine and 

 easie as the rest, when it is plainly shewne, which we 

 commonly call Graffing, or (after some) Grafting, I can- 

 not Etymoligize, nor shew the original of the word, 

 except it come of graving and carving. But the thing or 

 matter is : The reforming of the Fruit of one Tree with 

 the fruit of another, by an artificial transplacing or trans- 

 posing of a twig, bud or leafe, (commonly called a Graft) 

 taken from one tree of the same, or some other kind, and 

 placed or put to, or into another tree in due time and 

 manner." 



If the whip-graft is to be below the ground, it is suf- 

 ficient to tie the parts tightly with string and cover with 

 earth ; if above ground, wax is applied over the string to 

 prevent drying out. On the small shoots of young trees, 

 the whip-graft is often employed, but it is not used in 

 large trees. 



The cleft-graft is shown in Fig. 18. The trunk or 



