1 1 6 Unconscioys Memory 



and cattle that come from countries where there are no 

 lions become unquiet and display alarm as soon as they 

 are aware that a lion is approaching them in the night. 

 Horses going along a bridle-path that used to leave the 

 town at the back of the old dens of the carnivora in the 

 Berlin Zoological Gardens were often terrified by the 

 propinquity of enemies who were entirely unknown to 

 them. Sticklebacks will swim composedly among a number 

 of voracious pike, knowing, as they do, that the pike will 

 not touch them. For if a pike once by mistake swallows 

 a stickleback, the stickleback will stick in its throat by 

 reason of the spine it carries upon its back, and the pike 

 must starve to death without being able to transmit his 

 painful experience to his descendants. In some countries 

 there are people who by choice eat dog's flesh ; dogs are 

 invariably savage in the presence of these persons, as 

 recognising in them enemies at whose hands they .may 

 one day come to harm. This is the more wonderful inas- 

 much as dog's fat applied externally (as when rubbed 

 upon boots) attracts dogs by its smell. Grant saw a young 

 chimpanzee throw itself into convulsions of terror at the 

 sight I of a large snake ; and even among ourselves a 

 Gretchen can often detect a Mephistopheles. An insect 

 of the genius hombyx will seize another of the genus 

 farnopcea, and kill it wherever it finds it, without making 

 any subsequent use of the body ; but we know that the 

 last-named insect lies in wait for the eggs of the first, and 

 is therefore the natural enemy of its race. The phenomenon 

 known to stockdrivers and shepherds as " das Biesen des 

 Viehes " affords another example. For ^^'hen a " dassel " 

 or " bies " fly draws near the herd, the cattle become 

 unmanageable and run about among one another as though 

 they were mad, knowing, as they do, that the larvae from 

 the eggs which the fly will lay upon them will presently 

 pierce their hides and occasion them painful sores. These 

 " dassel " flies — which have no sting — closely resemble 

 another kind of gadfly which has a sting. Nevertheless, 



