VIT. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 71 
the species outside of Britain; shown in this and the two 
succeeding lines, simply by naming a series of habitats in the 
extra-tropical portion of the Northern Hemisphere ; more particu- 
larly in Europe and adjacent portions of Asia and Africa. This 
fifth line relates to Europe only, and is exclusive of Russia which 
comes under line sixth. The plant is here traced over Europe by 
indicating its retorded presence in fourteen countries of South and 
West Europe; absence therefrom being likewise indicated by short 
marks “--” the same as used for vacant provinces in line first. 
As with the British provinces, so here with European countries, 
the comparative predominance of marks or abbreviated names in 
the line, will give at a glance the more or less general distribution 
of the plant, independently of the special details. And as the 
enumeration runs from South to North, the shortened lines will 
indicate a restricted northern extension. For convenience of using 
familiar names, those of the political and national divisions of 
Europe will mostly be adhered to, although not always repre- 
senting the sections most suitable for phyto-geography. And in 
order to get a sufficient series of these names within the length of 
a single line, each name is abbreviated to its first three letters ; 
initial capitals being dispensed with. Some of the abbreviated 
names must stand for more than a single political territory, and 
others for portions only of an empire or kingdom. Spain (spa) 
will include Portugal also; and this name may be omitted 
occasionally through lack of the needful information about the 
plants of the Spanish peninsula ; no completed or general list of 
its plants being yet in print. Italy (ita) extends from Sicily to 
the southern sides of the Alps bordering Piedmont and Lombardy; 
and it may be held to include also the islands situated between 
the two peninsulas of Italy and Spain. Turkey (tur) must still 
cover modern Greece also, together with some adjacent portions of 
Asia minor, included in the Prodromus Flore Graca, by Sib- 
thorpe and Smith. Austria (aus) is the heterogeneous empire 
so named, extending from Dalmatia to Galicia, from Tyrol to 
Transylvania; and in its flora but imperfectly separable from 
Germany and Italy. Germany (ger) must be extended south- 
