70 



OROANOGRAPHY. 



gi. Examples of aggregate fruits, or those in which 

 many carpels belonging to one flower are crowded in a 



mass, are furnished by the 

 Raspberry, Blackberry, Mag- 

 nolia, etc. Examples of mul- 

 tiple fruits, or those result- 

 ing from the union of several 

 flowers, are furnished by the 

 Pine-Apple, Mulberry, Fig 

 (Figs. 163, 164), Pine, etc. 

 The cone (Fig. 165) is a 

 special kind of multiple fruit. 

 The name is improperly given to the Hop, where the large 

 bracts represent the scales. The cone of the Pine consists 

 of crowded scales, on the upper surface of which the naked 

 seeds are borne. The various forros assumed by fruits, 

 hftve, in many cases, evident reference to the dispersion of 

 seeds. 



92. The wing of the fruit of the Elm, Maple, Ash, 

 Hop-tree, Birch, Pine, etc., enables the seed to be scattered 

 great distances by the wind. The wing-like, 

 floriferous bract of the Basswood ren- 

 ders the fruit more buoyant and trans- 

 portable by the wind. The pappus 

 (Pig. 87), or persistent calyx of the 

 Thistle, Dandelion, and other Gompo- 

 sitcB, often finely dissected and downy, 

 causes the seeds to be transported for 

 miles. The Beggar-ticks {Bidens, Fig. 166), Tickseed 

 (Coreopsis), and Burdock, have barbs or hooks, which, 



Figs. 1G3, 1C4. A Fig : 163. Natural size ; 164. A portion slightly magnified. 

 Fig. 1G5. Cone of Hemlock. Fig. 166. Achenium, with barbed pappus, of Bidens 

 frondosa. 



166 



