356 The Study of Animal Life app. 



P. Geddes, and "Zoology" (in Encyclopedia Britannica), by E. 

 Ray Lankester. 



If we think over the sketch which Professor Geddes has given, 

 we shall see how easy it is to arrange the literature — the first step 

 towards mastering it. (a) The early anatomists were chiefly 

 occupied with the study of external and general features, very 

 largely moreover with the purpose of establishing a classification. 

 The Systema NaturcB of Linnaeus (ist ed., 1735 ; 12th, 1768) is 

 the typical work on this heavily-laden shelf of the zoological 

 library. It is to such books that we turn when we wish to 

 identify some animal, but the shelf is very long and most of the 

 volumes are very heavy. Each chapter of Linne's Systema has 

 been expanded into a series of volumes, or into some gigantic 

 monograph like those included in the series of ' ' Challenger" Reports, 

 or The Fauna and Flora of the Gulf of Naples. If I am asked 

 to recommend a volume from which the eager student may identify 

 some British flower, I can at once place Hoolcer's Flora in his 

 hands. But it is more difficult to help him to a work by which he 

 may identify his animal prize. There are special works on British 

 Mammals, Birds, Fishes, Molluscs, Insects, etc., but a compact 

 British Fauna is much wanted. I shall simply mention Bronn's 

 Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreiches, a series of volumes still 

 in progress; Leunis, Synopsis des Thierreiches (Hanover, 1886); 

 the British Museum Catalogues (in progress) ; and P. H. Gosse's 

 Manual of Marine Zoology of the British Islands (1856). 



(J>) Cuvier's Rigne Animal (1829) is the typical book on the 

 next plane of research — that concerned with the anatomy of organs. 

 I should recommend the student on this path to begin with Pro- 

 fessor F. Jeffrey Bell's Comparative Anatomy and Physiology (Lond. , 

 1886) ; after which he will more readily appreciate the text-books 

 on Comparative Anatomy by Huxley, Gegenbaur, Claus, Wieders- 

 heim, Lang, etc. As an introduction I may also mention my 

 Outlines of Zoology (Edin., 1892). As a book of reference 

 Hatchett Jackson's edition of Rolleston's Forms of Animal Life 

 (Oxford, 1888) is of great value, not least on account of its 

 scholarly references to the literature of zoology. The zoological 

 articles in the Encyclopedia Britannica, many of which are pub- 

 lished separately, are not less useful. As guides in serious practical 

 work may be noticed — A Course of Elementary Instruction in 

 Practical Biology by Profs. T. H. Huxley and H. N. Martin, 

 revised by Profs. G. B. Howes and D. H. Scott (Lond., 1888); 

 Howes's Atlas of Practical Elementary Biology (Lond., 1885); 

 A Course of Practical Zoology by Prof. A. Milnes Marshall and 

 Dr. C. H. Hurst (3rd ed., Lond., 1892); Prof. C. Lloyd 

 Morgan's Animal Biology (Lond., 1889); Vogt and Yung, Traiti 



