NORTH AMERICA AND THEIR VERTEBRATE FAUNA. 57 



"Near the southern border of Kansas, in Cowley County, at a place about 5 

 miles northeast of Maple City, some vertebrate remains were found in the shale 

 thrown out in digging a well. These were collected by Mr. C. N. Gould, and sent 

 to Dr. Williston, who identified the bones generically, and considered them as indi- 

 cating the Permian. The horizon in which these bones were found has been identi- 

 fied as the Garrison formation, although the correlation rests necessarily upon rather 

 meager evidence, since the distance from the type locaHty is considerable and the 

 invertebrate fossils have not been studied critically enough to admit of accurate 

 identification of horizons. 



"In northeastern Oklahoma, in the area of the so-called Red Beds, there is a 

 locality which has yielded Permian vertebrate remains. The material has come 

 from two places: one known as McCann's Quarry, 5 miles southeast of Nardin, in 

 Kay County, the other 2 miles northeast of Orlando. The material has been studied 

 by Dr. Williston, who has found that it represents characteristic Permian forms, 

 such as have been reported from Texas. The stratigraphic position of the verte- 

 brates from near Nardin and Orlando has not been definitely determined. They 

 occur to the southwest of the southern extension of the so-called Permian lime- 

 stones of the Kansas section, but no horizon has been traced connecting the locality 

 with the Kansas section. 



"The identification of the Permian in the western interior of the United States 

 for a long time rested upon the occurrence of reptilian remains, such as were first 

 described by Cope from the Red Beds of Texas. The occurrence in Kansas and 

 Oklahoma of the same genera which are found in Texas makes it possible to corre- 

 late the formations tentatively. The material in the Kansas section is meager. No 

 doubt more will be found, and possibly Permian forms occur, at lower horizons than 

 the Garrison formation." 



The Garrison lies below the Wref ord , and is given by Adams as 1 40 feet thick . 



There is, in the possible relation of the Red Beds around the Wichita 

 Mountains to those of the Enid formation, the suggestion that the gradual 

 change of the limestones into red shales and sandstones began at a lower 

 level in the north (Kansas and Oklahoma) than it did in the south (Texas) . 

 The fossils from Kansas are perhaps a little closer to those of Illinois than 

 they are to those of Texas, but the number of forms recovered is so small 

 that any conclusion drawn from them is at best very uncertain. The fossils 

 from Oklahoma are very close to those of Texas, and do not in themselves 

 warrant the suggestion that the beds are lower. 



If we examine the map of the Permian in Schuchert's Paleogeography of 

 North America, and also Ulrich's table of submergences,^ we note the persis- 

 tence of a trough from the Gulf of Mexico which extended northwest around 

 Ozarkia, and over a portion of the Ouachita uplift. It is probable that the 

 limestones on the eastern side of the Red Beds were deposited in this extension 

 of the sea, and that the red sediments came from the west and the southwest. 

 It is practically certain that this gulf was fairly narrow, and there may have 

 been red beds on the east derived from the land in southwestern Missouri, but 

 if such beds existed all traces of them have been removed by erosion. 



While most of the animals of the Texas region must be supposed to have in- 

 habited the uplands and shores of the western and southern localities, it is alto- 



» Ulrich, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 346, 347. 



