CONTENTS 



Introduction :^ 



Chapter I. — Description of the Southern Portion of the Plains Province 5 



The Texas Region c 



Location of the Beds 5 



Stratigraphy of the Beds 6 



Formation Names 7 



The Wichita Formation 8 



The Clear Fork Formation 28 



The Double Mountain Formation 31 



Occurrence of Fossil Vertebrates 32 



Sections 33 



Climatic Variations Recorded in the Permo-Carboniferous Beds of Texas 42 



Evidence of Climatic Conditions in Wichita time 42 



Evidence of Chmatic Conditions in Clear Fork time 45 



Summary of Climatic Conditions 49 



Stratigraphy of the Beds in Oklahoma 51 



Stratigraphy of the Beds in Kansas 56 



Extension of the Red Beds beyond the Limits of Vertebrate Fossils in the Southern Portion of 



the Plains Province 58 



Evidence of a Barrier, or the Interruption of the Red Beds, in the Southwest 60 



Chapter II. — Description of the Northern Portion of the Plains Province and the Eastern 



Edge of the Rocky Mountains 62 



Conclusions 70 



Chapter III. — Description of the Basin Province 72 



Chapter IV. — Description of the Permo-Carboniferous Beds in the Eastern Portion of 



North America 77 



Iowa 77 



Illinois 77 



Indiana 78 



Ohio 80 



Pennsylvania and West Virginia 84 



Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia 86 



Chapter V. — Geography of North America at the close of the Permo-Carboniferous. . 88 



Chapter VI. — Age of the Red Beds 92 



Limiting Horizons of the Vertebrate Fauna 93 



Table showing the Permo-Carboniferous Fauna, as far as known, with the Geographical and 



Geological Distribution 96 



Chapter VII. — Analysis of the Fauna 100 



Food Habits as indicated by the Teeth loi 



Food-supply 103 



Terrestrial and Aquatic Adaptations 106 



Table S'howing Aquatic and Terrestrial Adaptations 109 



The Assumption of Armor and its Meaning 109 



Over-specialized Forms n' 



Origin of the Fauna ii7 



Chapter VIII. — Description of Individual Genera 124 



Restoration of the Region and the Environment in which the Animals lived 147 



Table showing the Forms in Texas and New Mexico which show Parallelism or Relationship in 



Structure and Habits I49 



Chapter IX. — Relation of North America to the Other Continents in Permo-Carbonifer- 

 ous Time - i5o 



The Fate of the American Fauna '55 



Appendix. — The Brier Creek Bone-bed and its Fauna I57 



iii 



