646 Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 34, No.7 
An earlier sample-plot field study, made by Richards (14) in 
Somerset County, N. J., is of interest with respect to both his results 
and conclusions, the conclusions being at variance with those of the 
present studies. Chestnut oak was found to be the predominant 
species in the reproduction, amounting to 44 per cent on the ridge 
tops and 22 per cent on the slopes. On the ridge tops 11.8 per cent 
was hickory, 6.8 per cent red oak, and 3 per cent white ash. These 
four were the most valuable species, and comprised 65.6 per cent of 
the reproduction on the ridge tops. The remainder was made up 
of red maple, cherry, butternut (Juglans cinerea), birch, and sassa- 
fras. Reproduction on the slopes, in addition to chestnut oak, was 
made up of 6 per cent red oak and 10 per cent pignut hickory (Hicoria 
glabra), besides some cherry, maple, and butternut. 
Because the desirable species, other than chestnut oak, were in 
the minority, Richards concluded that there was little reproduction 
in the way of desirable native species with which to form the new 
forest, and consequently recommended replacement of the chestnut 
by planting Norway pine (Pinus resinosa). However, Richards’s 
study was mostly of areas cut over less than a year previously (a 
few of his plots had been cut over seven years), so that in all proba- 
bility most of the reproduction he found was advance growth and 
much of the seedling growth prominent in the replacement had not 
yet become established. Had his study been made a few years later, 
on areas cut over for a longer time, he would probably have found 
more reproduction and a higher proportion of desirable species, and 
accordingly less occasion for the planting of pine. 
REPLACEMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA 
The studies of natural replacement were not so intensive in Penn- 
sylvania as in Connecticut and New Jersey, since this problem was 
already being studied by J. S. Illick and assistants, for the Pennsyl- 
vania Department of Forests and Waters. 
Two sixteenth-acre plots laid out near Lehigh Gap, Pa., in 1920, 
are of special interest. One plot was on an area which, at the time 
it was clear-cut three years before, contained 62 per cent chestnut. 
The new stand contained 9,424 live trees to the acre, of which 22 
per cent were chestnut sprouts. Of the remaining live trees, 86 per 
cent were class 1 species, chestnut oak, white oak, and sweet birch; 
14 per cent were class 2 species, scarlet oak, red maple, black gum, 
and cottonwood; and none were undesirable species. The other 
plot was located in a stand cut heavily for chestnut 25 years earlier. 
This stand originally included 93 per cent chestnut, but in 1920 the 
proportion of chestnut sprouts in the live stand had been reduced 
to 32 per cent, and by 1924 the chestnut had been entirely eliminated. 
The stand contained a total of 10,234 trees to the acre, exclusive of 
chestnut, of which 40 per cent were class 1 species, white oak, black 
oak, sweet birch, red oak, black cherry, and hickory; 55 per cent 
were class 2 species, red maple, scarlet oak, black gum, and cotton- 
wood; and only 5 per cent were undesirable. These stands have 
obviously restocked mostly to desirable species, and almost as rapidly 
as the chestnut disappeared from the stand. 
