CHESTNUT BARK DISEASE, 395 
And this has been the case with a number of investigators who 
have laid winter-injury troubles largely or entirely to ‘the 
fungi which later became prominent on the winter-injured 
tissues. One of the first problems the writer had in Connecticut 
was to connect, as the cause, a Cytospora fungus found on 
cankered bark of apple trees. We did not know as much about 
winter injury then as now, and were using the agent that was 
most evident at the time of the investigation, which occurred 
some time after the winter-injured cankers were produced. 
‘As to the relationship of winter injury to the chestnuts 
themselves, we have this statement by Murrill (45, p. 153); when 
he first began his investigations: “It is possible that the con- 
spicuous ravages of the disease about New York City are 
largely due to the severe and prolonged winter of 1903-04, in 
which many trees of various kinds were killed or injured.” 
Later, Murrill seemed to have given up this idea. Stone (Report 
23, p. 57) also writes on this point: “The writer has been 
informed by one who has had some opportunity to observe 
this disease, that it appears to be less prevalent on high eleva- 
tions than in the valleys. * * * It is, however, quite significant 
that the Connecticut Valley region should possess such a large 
amount of infection as compared with other sections. We have 
noticed for some time that there is a difference in the degree 
of winter killing occurring in valleys and high elevations in 
this state. By far a greater amount of winter killing of trees 
occurred in river valleys and on the lower elevations, the Con- 
necticut Valley being especially notable in this respect. It is, 
moreover, a significant coincidence that the chestnut disease 
should make its appearance at about the same time that vegeta- 
tion was so severely injured by the severe cold which occurred 
during the winter of 1903-04 all over the northeastern part of 
the United. States.” 
‘From the preceding discussion we have made it ey that 
there was a general and severe injury of trees of various kinds, 
resulting especially from the winters of 1902-03 and 1903-04 
in New England and New York. We believe that the same 
conditions would have been found true for at least New Jersey 
and eastern Pennsylvania, had observations been made there 
at that time. This winter injury took severest effect along the 
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