ENDOTHIA CANKER OF CHESTNUT 553 
Biologically, the former is a virulent parasite and the latter a saprophyte. 
Cultural differences were found on every artificial medium on which 
the two were grown in pure culture. The reasons given by Anderson 
and Anderson for creating a new specific name for the saprophyte are: 
(1) Shear had identified the long-spored southern form as E. radicalis 
and this was entirely different from the species under consideration; 
(2) an examination of the type material of E. gyrosa (Schw.) Fr. in the 
Schweinitzian herbarium at the Philadelphia Academy of Science, and 
a comparison with the original description and all the early literature 
on this fungus, convinced them that it was a form entirely different from 
any species of Endothia now known; (3) there was no other described 
species of Endothia besides the above two which closely resembled the 
fungus that they were studying in western Pennsylvania. 
Clinton also studied the relationships of these two forms and found 
practically the same differences as did the Andersons, besides additional 
cultural differences; but he considers the differences varietal, not specific. 
Shortly after the appearance of the paper mentioned in the preceding 
paragraph, Clinton (1912, a and b) published two papers in which he 
states that the European Endothia and the American E. virginiana Anders. 
are identical with E. gyrosa (Schw.) Fr. He proposes Endothia gyrosa 
var. parasitica as the proper name for the canker fungus. He emphasizes 
especially the difference in the shape of the ascospores, and calls the 
species the ‘“‘ narrowly-oval-spored ”’ and the variety the ‘“ broadly-oval- 
spored ’’ Endothia. 
At about the same time, Pantanelli (1912), in Europe, studied the 
relationship of the European Endothia to the American canker fungus, 
and found important morphological, biological, and cultural differences 
which he considers of specific value; he designates the latter form as 
E. parasitica (Murr.) Anders., and the European form as E. radicalis 
(Schw.) Fr. 
. Shear (1913 b) examined asci and ascospores of the type specimen 
of E. radicalis (Schw.) from the Fries herbarium at Upsala, Sweden, 
and found, them to correspond with those of E. virginiana Anders. and 
the form discussed by Clinton as E. gyrosa. 
Shear and Stevens (1913 a) were the last to study in detail the relation- 
ships of the species of Endothia. They studied especially the cultural 
characters, and on nearly every kind of medium tried they found char- 
acters by which E. parasitica can be distinguished from the other species. 
They give as the correct names of the species here under consideration: 
1. Endothia parasitica (Murr.) Anders., the true canker fungus 
2. Endothia radicalis (Schw.) de Not., the saprophyte found first on 
chestnuts in this country by Rankin, later called E. virginiana by 
