56 



MEANS or EESTEAINT. 



ing or tying the leg with the taU. Again, to pass a twitch round the 

 leg above the hock, and to turn it until the tendo-Achilles pressed 

 upon, is brought in contact with the posterior face of the leg. A 

 loop of rope twisted upon a stick wOl answer the same purpose. 

 The use of hobbles, single or double, or of the side Unes to secure 

 the hind legs, has also been recommended, as with solipeds, with 

 the difference that the horns furnish a strong means of support, 

 which is entirely lacking in the soUped. A method approved by 

 some of controlling the motion of the animal is to pass a rope on 

 one hind leg above the fetlock, and to carry this leg well forward, 

 or even to raise it from the ground and to tie it by the rope to the 

 forearm of the same side above the knee or around the horns. The 

 use of a long bar of wood held under the abdomen by two assist- 

 ants in front of the stifles ; keeping the animal pressed against a 

 wall by means of a wooden bar, with which an assistant pushes 

 firmly against the stifle of the side opposite to that upon which 

 the operator stands ; binding the animal against a wall with a rope 

 fixed to a ring in front of the chest and one behind the hind quar- 

 ters — aU these are simple means employed to keep cattle quiet in 

 the standing position. 



Some individuals, however, and especially bulls, are altogether 

 intractable, and require more severe and effectual modes of pun- 

 ishment. These are applied upon the muzzle of the animal in his 

 nasal septum by nippers or clamps, or with rings. Nippers are 

 of divers forms. One true, single clamp is commonly used in 

 Italy, and has been modified in England ; another is in use in Hol- 



3 



Fia. 43.— Italian 

 Nose Clamp. 



Fig. 44.— Modified 

 English Nose Clamp 



FiQS. 45 A and B.— Modified English 

 Nose Clamps. 



