DISEASES. 669 



mal state. As the tumor increases it compresses the lamellated 

 tissue and the corresponding surface of the os pedis, injuring the 

 soft parts, and resting in a groove they thus form for their 

 development. 



The causes which give rise to their development are more 

 especially cracks of the walls ; though they often f oUow laminitis 

 or supervene upon severe operations on the wall. Vatel claims 

 to have observed them after injuries on the hoof resultiug from 

 the hammering of the foot while being shod. 



The symptoms are very obscure. At first the animal is but 

 slightly sore in traveling, but the lameness increases as the tumor 

 enlarges ia size. The region surrounding the tumor is always 

 warmer and more sensitive than is natural. In many horses the 

 coronet presents a swelling, well marked. In some cases the dis- 

 eased quarter is depressed, and the toe seems elongated. "When 

 a toe or quarter crack is accompanied with severe lameness kera- 

 phyllocele may generally be suspected. But when none of these 

 external signs exists it is exceedingly difficult to make a positive 

 diagnosis of their presence, for though the swelling of the coro- 

 net, the heat and the pain of the hoof may be present, those 

 symptoms may belong also to other diseases of the foot. Then 

 the only means at our disposal is to pare the foot well down, 

 when, at the surface of the sole, the extremity of a portion of hoof 

 ordinarily harder than the normal consistency may be detected. 



The treatment consists in removing the portion of the hoof 

 corresponding to the horny tumor, as in a case of toe cracks, and 

 treating the wound thus made in the same manner, according to 

 the indications presented. 



Laminitis. 



Synonyms : Behe, Verschlag, Hufentzundung , German ; Four- 

 lure, Fourbature, French; Bifondimento, ItaUan; Aguadura, 

 Spanish. 



By this name is understood the bloody congestions of the 

 keratogenous apparatus of ungulated animals. The increase of 

 the circulating fluid produces a swelling of the living tissues of 

 the foot; but these being enclosed in a box of so hard, resisting 

 a material, a painful pressure results, which becomes especially 

 common and serious in horses and other solipeds. It has also 

 been observed in boviaes, though it is then less frequent and 



