172 SCROPHULARIACEAE. Vor. III. 
Family 28. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 288. 1826. 
Ficwort Famity. 
Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite or alternate exstipulate leaves, and 
perfect mostly complete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of 
Synthyris). Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or some- 
times split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or segments valvate, 
imbricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 2-lipped, or 
nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or nearly equal, inserted on the 
corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs equal, or unequal, 
or sometimes confluent into one. Disk present or obsolete. Pistil 1, entire or 
2-lobed ; ovary superior, 2-celled, or rarely 1-celled ; ovules mostly numerous, rarely 
few, anatropous or amphitropous, borne on axile placentae; style slender, simple ; 
stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit mostly capsular and septicidally or 
loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous, the testa reticulated, pitted, 
striate, ribbed, or nearly smooth; endosperm fleshy; embryo small, straight or 
slightly curved ; cotyledons little broader than the radicle. 
About 165 genera and 2700 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions. 
1. Anther-bearing stamens 5; corolla rotate; leaves alternate. (VERBASCEAE.) 1. Verbascum. 
2. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4; leaves opposite, verticillate or alternate. 
* Corolla spurred, saccate or gibbous on the lower side at the base. (ANTIRRHINEAE.) 
Corolla spurred at the base. 
Leaves palmately 3-5-veined. 2. Cymbalaria. 
Leaves pinnately veined. 
Flowers solitary in the axils. 
Throat of the corolla closed by the palate; leaves broad. 3. Kickxia. 
Throat of the corolla not closed by the palate; leaves narrow. 4. Chaenorrhinum., 
Flowers in terminal racemes. 5. Linaria. 
Corolla saccate or gibous at the base. 6. Antirrhinum, 
** Corolla neither spurred, saccate nor gibbous on the lower side. 
+ Anther-bearing stamens 4, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. (CHELONEAE.) 
Sterile stamen a scale adnate to the upper side of the corolla. 7. Scrophularia. 
Sterile stamen elongated, longer or shorter than the others. 
Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, the lobes of the lower lip flat. 
Sterile stamens shorter than the others; seeds winged. 8. Chelone. 
Sterile stamen about equalling the others; seeds wingless. 9. Pentstemon, 
Corolla 2-cleft, declined; middle lobe of the lower lip conduplicate. 10. Collinsia. 
tt Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, or 2 sterile, or 2 only. 
a. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; large Asiatic tree. (PAULOWNIEAE.) 
11. Paulownia. 
pb. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; herbs; corolla 2-lipped; stamens not enclosed 
in upper lip of corolla. (MIMULEAE.) 
Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. 12. Mimulus. 
Calyx 5-parted, not prismatic. 5 
Calyx-segments equal; leaves pinnatifid in our species. 13. Conobea. 
Calyx-segments unequal, the upper one the largest. are 
Corolla nearly regular, about equally 5-lobed. 14. Bramia. 
Corolla manifestly 2-lipped. 
Leaves palmately nerved; flower with an hypogynous disk. 15. Hydrotrida. 
Leaves pinnately veined; no hypogynous disk. 16. Mecardonia. 
c. Stamens 4, 2 anther-bearing and 2 sterile, or 2 only; corolla obviously 2-lipped. (GRATIOLEAE.) 
Calyx 5-parted ; upper lip of corolla present. 
Sterile filaments short or none. 
Anther-sacs transverse, separated. 17. Gratiola. 
Anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. 18. Sophrononthe. 
Sterile filaments slender, 2-lobed. 19. Ilysanthes. 
Calyx 4-toothed; upper lip of corolla obsolete; low mud plant. 20. Micranthemum. 
d. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla nearly regular; flowers on scapes. (LIMOSELLEAE.) 
21. Limosella. 
e. Stamens 2 only (rarely 4 in Synthyris) ; corolla rotate, salverform, tubular, or 
none. (VERONICEAE.) 
Leaves alternate; flowers spicate; corolla 2~-3-lobed or none. 22. Synthyris. 
Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or verticillate; corolla 4-lobed. 
Corolla rotate or salverform ; capsule obcordate or emarginate, compressed. 23. Veronica. 
Corolla tubular-funnelform ; capsule ovoid, not compressed. 24. Leptandra. 
f. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing ; corolla campanulate, salverform or funnelform, scarcely 2-lipped. 
Leaves alternate; flowers in 1-sided racemes.. (DIGITALEAE.) 25. Digitalis. 
Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. (BUCHNEREAE.) 
Corolla salverform; flowers in a long spike. 26. Buchnera. 
Corolla campanulate or funnelform. 
Stamens nearly equal; calyx-lobes as long as the tube. 27. Afzelia. 
