GENUS 7. MADDER FAMILY. 
g. Galium circaézans Michx. Wild 
Liquorice. Cross-Cleavers. 
Fig. 3936. 
G. circaezans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 80. 1803. 
Galium circaezans glabellum Britton, Mem. Torr. 
Club 5: 303. 1894. 
Perennial, more or less pubescent, or gla- 
brate, branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves in 4’s, 
oval, oval-lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or ob- 
tusish at the apex, 3-nerved, 67’-18” long, 
4-8” wide, usually somewhat pubescent on 
both surfaces, ciliolate, the lower smaller; 
cymes divaricately branched; flowers sessile 
or nearly so, greenish; corolla hirsute with- 
out, or glabrous, its lobes acute; fruit hispid, 
similar to that of the preceding species, at 
length deflexed. 
In dry woods, Quebec and Ontario to Minne- 
sota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. May-July. 
10. Galium kamtschaticum Steller. North- 
ern Wild Liquorice. Fig. 3937. 
Galium kamtschaticum Steller; R. & S. Mant. 3: 186. 
1827. 
Galen Littellii Oakes, Hovey’s Mag. 7: 179. 1841. 
Galium circaezans var. montanum T. & G. FI. N. A. 
2:24. 1841. 
Similar to the preceding species, but weak, 
smaller, stems 4’-15’ long. Leaves in 4’s, broadly 
oval, orbicular, or obovate, thin, 3-nerved, obtuse, 
mucronulate, 6’-18” long, 4-12” wide, glabrate, 
or, pubescent with short scattered hairs on the 
upper surface and on the nerves beneath, some- 
times ciliate; flowers few, all on pedicels 2-6” 
long; corolla glabrous, yellowish-green, its lobes 
acutish; fruit hispid, 2” broad. 
In mountainous regions, Cape Breton Island, Que- 
bec, northern New England and northern New York. 
Also in northeastern Asia. Summer. 
i 
nS 
11. Galium boreale L. Northern Bed- 
straw. Fig. 3938. 
Galium boreale L. Sp. Pl. 108. 1753. 
Galium septentrionale R.& S. Syst. 3: 253. 1818. a | 
B\ 
Erect, perennial, smooth and glabrous, strict, EPI 
simple, or branched, leafy, 1°-23° high. Leaves 
in 4’s, lanceolate or linear, 3-nerved, obtuse SL 
or acute, 1’-23’ long, 1”-3” wide, the margins SZ 
many-flowered, the flowers white, panicled, in 
sometimes ciliate; panicles terminal, dense, | 
small compact cymes; fruit hispid, at least 
when young, sometimes becoming glabrate iN \ W 
when mature, about 1” broad. A \ SSS Ze 
In rocky soil or along streams, Quebec to h e 
Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 3 | SSN Yj 
Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico and California. ui 4 WZ 
Also in Europe and northern Asia. May—Aug. i 
