GENUS 7. MADDER FAMILY. 265 
21. Galium palustre L. Marsh Bedstraw. Fig. 3948. 
Galium palustre L. Sp. Pl. 105. 1753. 
Galium trifidum var. bifolium Macoun, Cat. Can. 
Plants 202. 1884? 
Perennial, stem erect and rather slender, about 
16’ high; internodes very long (middle one 23’-3’ 
long) ; short branches mostly in 2’s. Stem sharply 
4-angled, glabrous or a little rough; leaves in 
typical specimens rather small, in 2’s to 6’s, linear- 
elliptic to spatulate, cuneate at the base, obtuse, 
3-8” long, 1-2” wide, the rather firm margins 
and the midrib slightly scabrous, not papillose; 
flowers numerous in terminal and lateral cymes; 
bracteoles in the inflorescence minute; pedicels in 
flower ascending, 14-23” long, in fruit strongly 
divaricate; corolla large, white, 1/13” broad, 
4-parted, the lobes oblong, acute; disk almost 
obsolete; fruit glabrous; endosperm of the seed 
grooved on the inner face, in cross-section lunate. 
In damp shady or open places along roadsides and 
ditches, or in the margins of swamps. Newfound- 
land, Prince Edward Island and Quebec, to Con- 
necticut and New York. Also in Europe. Summer. 
22. Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray. 
Shining Bedstraw. Fig. 3949. 
Galium parviflorum Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 360. 
1808? 
Galium concinnum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 23. 1841. 
Perennial, glabrous, shining, usually much 
branched, the angles of the stem and edges of 
the leaves minutely scabrous. Leaves usually 
all in 6’s, linear or sometimes broader above 
the middle, narrowed at the base, blunt-pointed 
or minutely cuspidate, 4”-6” long, 1-13” wide, 
green in drying; peduncles filiform; pedicels 
short; flowers minute, white, numerous in open 
cymes; fruit small, glabrous; endosperm deeply 
grooved. 
In dry woodlands, western New Jersey to Vir- 
ginia, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas. 
June-Aug. 
23. Galium aspréllum Michx. Rough 
Bedstraw. Fig. 3950. 
Galium asprellum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 78. 1803. 
Perennial, weak, much branched and reclining 
on bushes, or sometimes erect; stem retrorsely 
hispid, 2°-6° long. Leaves in 6’s or 5’s, or those 
of the branches rarely in 4’s, narrowly oval or 
slightly oblanceolate, cuspidate at the apex, nar- 
rowed at the base, sometimes so much so as to 
appear petioled, 4”-8” long, 1-2” wide, their 
margins and midribs rough; cymes terminal and 
axillary, several-many-flowered; flowers white; 
fruit smooth and glabrous, about 1” broad; endo- 
sperm with a shallow groove. 
In moist soil, Newfoundland to western Ontario, 
south to North Carolina, Illinois, Wisconsin and 
Nebraska. Called also pointed cleavers. Ascends 
to 3500 ft. in the Adirondacks. June-Aug. 
