444 COMPOSITAE. Vor. IIT. 
3. Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) 
Greene. Cornel-leaved Aster. 
Fig. 4382. 
Aster infirmus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 109. 1803. 
Diplopappus cornifolius Less.; Darl. Fl. Cestr. 
474. 1837. iene 
D. infirma Greene, Pittonia 3: 52. 1896. 
Stem slender, glabrous, or roughish above, 
sparingly branched at the summit, terete, 13°-3° 
high. Leaves entire, hispid-margined, glabrous 
above, sparingly hispid on the veins beneath, 
the lower obovate, small, obtuse, usually ses- 
sile, the upper larger, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
2’-5’ long, 1’-13’ wide; heads few, about 1’ 
broad, in a divergently branched terminal co- 
rymbose cluster; involucre broadly campanu- 
late, 2’-3” high, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse, sparingly pubescent, imbricated in about 
4 series, the outer much shorter; rays 8-15, 
white; style-appendages subulate; pappus 
tawny; achenes nerved, glabrous. 
In dry, usually rocky soil, Massachusetts to 
ASM New York, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. 
Aug.—Sept. 
38. IONACTIS Greene, Pittonia 3: 245. 1897. 
Low, mostly branching, perennial herbs with numerous narrow, entire, I-nerved lea-es, 
and rather large and showy heads of tubular and radiate flowers terminating the stem and 
branches. Basal leaves none. Involucral bracts coriaceous, imbricated in several series, 
appressed, their tips not herbaceous. Ray-flowers normally violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers 
perfect, the corolla with a campanulate limb. Achenes villous. Pappus double, the inner 
series of long capillary bristles, the outer much shorter. [Greek, violet rays.] 
Three known species, natives of North America, the following typical. 
1. Ionactis linariifolius (L.) Greene. Stiff or Savory-leaved Aster. Fig. 4383. 
Aster linariifolius L. Sp. Pl. 874. 1753. V f N- 
S Chi, 
NY 
Diplopappus linariifolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 21. 1834. 
Ionactis linariifolius Greene, Pittonia 3: 245. 1897. 
Stems tufted, stiff, puberulent or scabrous, very leafy, 
corymbosely branched above, 6’-2° high. Leaves linear 
or spatulate, spreading, I-nerved, rigid, entire, rough, 
usually ciliolate on the margins, mucronulate, 9”-18” 
long, 1’-2”” wide, sessile, those of the branches much 
smaller and somewhat appressed; heads several, termi- 
nating the branchlets, about 1’ broad; involucre broadly 
turbinate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, keeled, green on 
the back, appressed, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, the 
inner obtuse, the outer usually acute; rays 10-15, violet, 
rarely white, 4”-5” long, entire, or their tips dentate, or 
even laciniate; pappus bristles in 2 series, tawny, the 
outer ones setose; achenes silky. 
In dry or rocky soil, Maine to Florida, west to Minne- 
sota, Mississippi and Texas. Recorded from Newfound- 
land, New Brunswick and Quebec, apparently erroneously. 
Sandpaper- or pine-starwort. July—Oct. 
39. BACCHARIS L. Sp. Pl. 860. 1753. 
Dioecious shrubs or herbs, with alternate leaves, and paniculate or corymbose heads of 
tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate in our species, its bracts imbricated in several series, 
the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked, commonly foveolate. Corolla of the pistillate 
flowers slender, that of the staminate tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the 
base. Style-branches narrow or subulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted, those 
of the sterile flowers rudimentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. Achenes more 
or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers copious, capillary, that of the 
sterile flowers short. [Named for Bacchus; originally applied to some different shrubs.] 
About 300 species, all American, most abundant in South America. Besides the following, some 
18 others occur in the southern and western United States. Type species: Baccharis ivifolia L. 
Shrubs; pappus of fertile flowers in 1 or 2 series. ; 
Leaves oblong, or lance-oblong, mostly obtuse, sparingly dentate. 1. B. salicina. 
Leaves deltoid-obovate, or oblong, the lower coarsely dentate. 2. B. halimifolia. 
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, sparingly dentate. . 3. B. neglecta. 
Herbaceous, from a woody base; pappus of fertile flowers in several series. 4. B. Wrightii. 
