148 FIRST FORMS OF VEGETATION. 
farms on sledges. The reindeer-moss is also used 
by the Finlanders and Laps for stuffing pillows 
and mattresses. Occasionally too it forms an 
ingredient of the ‘famine-bread’ composed of a 
little oatmeal mixed with sawdust and pounded 
lichens, which the inhabitants use when sore 
pressed in times of scarcity. 
When the ground is covered with hard and 
frozen snow, so that the reindeer cannot obtain its 
Fic. 11.—ALECTORIA JUBATA. 
(a) Enlarged portion. 
usual food, it finds a substitute in a very curious 
lichen called rock-hair (Alectoria jubata, Fig. 11), 
which covers with its beard-like tufts the trunk 
of almost every tree. In more severe winters, the 
Laplanders cut down whole forests of the largest 
trees, that their herds may be enabled to browse 
at liberty upon the tufts which cover the higher 
branches. The vast dreary pine-forests of Lap- 
