HEARINGS BEFORE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE. 117 
them here they are always uniform, and that is why they bring such a 
high price. hen the Connecticut people began to do this work they 
went into it, of course, in a thoroughly commercial way. But this 
variability came in, and they have a large quantity of tobacco on their 
hands that can not be sold at a good price on account of the variations 
of the leaves. Now, if they could develop the Sumatra tobacco so that 
they could get 80 per cent of this type, they could compete directly 
with the Sumatra tobacco product. 
Mr. Haucen. Is not that the fact with all tobacco that has to be 
started ? 
Mr. GatLoway. If this tobacco brings $2.50 a pound and you could 
bring 80 per cent of it up to the uniform type, it would be a valuable 
thing. I think that in Sumatra they send only the selected leaf. Now 
they have gone also into the growing of the Cuban leaf up in those 
States, and we are sending a man now to Cuba to select types of leaves 
so that we can get that thing started too. The man will go in a short 
time. 
Mr. Woops. That problem exists not only for the tent-grown tobacco 
but also in the field-grown tobacco. 
Mr. Gatitoway. This same problem will also come up with the 
Texas tobacco. 
Mr. Woops. Our study of tobacco-seed selection as now practised 
shows that even the best growers do not select from individual plants, 
but from a mixed lot including many variables. Seeds thus selected 
do not produce plants with a fixed type of leaf. Our method consists 
in taking the individual plants and finding out which are fixed, and 
then selecting the seeds from those, and throw out the variables. 
The Cuarrman. We have not succeeded in the case of animals in 
getting an absolutely fixed type; they always vary a little. 
Mr. Woops. Yes; but these are now exceedingly variable. There 
is no truéness at all here, as seed is now selected. 
The Cuairman. That happens, too, in very valuable breeds? 
Mr. Woops. Yes; but within very narrow limits. 
Mr. GatLoway. We keep the different progeny of different seeds 
separate and distinct, as you do in the case of breeding animals. 
r. Grarr. It is the wide leaf, used for the wrapper? 
Mr. Woops. Yes, sir. 
Mr. Grarr. That is the reason they use the wide leaf, so that it will 
cover a larger surface? 
Mr. Woops. Yes, sir; more and better wrappers can be cut from a 
wide leaf. 
Mr. Haucen. Is not the variation largely due to the soil and to cul- 
tivation ? 
Mr. Gattoway. Not necessarily. We get all sorts of leaves in the 
same locality. 
Mr. Scorr. Is the quality of the narrow leaf the same as that of the 
broad leaf? 
Mr. Gattoway. It may be, but the idea is to get broad leaves to 
cover a sufficient number of cigars. 
Mr. Woops. The next item in which I have asked an increase is the 
work on hardy winter wheat. Macaroni wheat work I will discuss a 
little later on. 
The Cuarrman. That is beyond the experimental stage? 
Mr. Woops. Yes, sir; entirely. Here is some of the manufactured 
