334 HEARINGS BEFORE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE. 
the entire road, which they generally do, to the loaded teams coming 
in; and it was claimed. by our people in the beginning that about 
$3,500 a mile would be sufficient to build those roads; but when they 
came to the work it increased rapidly. The cost went up to as high 
as $20,000 a mile, and the smallest cost is reported by the engineer as 
$12,500 a mile. That includes grading. 
The Cuareman. Material is available there, too, is it not? 
Mr. Doper. We have no rock except bowlders; that is, no road- 
building rock. We have the sandstone. 
The Cuarrman. You have rock sufficient for the foundation, but 
not for the top coating? 
Mr. Dope. Yes, sir; we have rock of that kind. If you use an 
inferior rock for a foundation it is desirable to have greater thickness 
than I speak of. When I speak of 8 inches being sufficient, I think it 
ought to be of homogeneous rock—consolidated. 
Mr. Scorr. What methods are used in keeping these roadways 
clean after being constructed? 
Mr. Dope. I do not know if there is any system for keeping them 
clean. They are not likely to be injured much by litter. The nar- 
row road will not only keep itself cleaner, but it will stand, I think, 
longer without repair; because, with the wide road, as soon as you 
have a soft place or small depression, it will hold the moisture and 
that softens the mass, whereas a narrow road will shed the moisture, 
and litter disappears very rapidly. 
Mr. Apams. You speak of $3,000 a mile as the expense of a macad- 
amized road. That is very interesting to me. But you can not quite 
make that as a general statement because of the varying cost of mate- 
rial in different localities? 
Mr. Doves. I do not say that isa universal price. I said, especially, 
had we built in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, some of those object-lesson 
roads that exceeded that amount. 
Mr. Apams. It is a very low cost? 
Mr. Doper. A very low cost. It seems to me that cost would bea 
great deal if our assistance were to be withdrawn. We do not pay any 
money. I give the aid I have in the way of the skilled superintendents 
and the machinery in the way I have said. Of course, we have plans 
blocked out in advance for almost every conceivable kind of road and 
condition of soil, so we know at once what to do; and I have no doubt 
it is very beneficial service to all those who receive it, and I think it 
is a matter of sincere regret that I have to deny so many applications 
that are very reasonable indeed. 
Mr. Henry. The roads that you refer to in Ohio that were built for 
$3,000 a mile, were they trap-rock roads? 
Mr. Dopes. No, sir; those roads were built of the granite bowlders. 
Mr. Hewry. Is that material durable for roads? 
Mr. Dopex. Yes, sir; very durable. 
Mr. Henry. What material do you use for a binder with the granite 
that you use. 
Mr. Dopcs. Sometimes we do not have to use any. You under- 
stand the bowlders are not of uniform—— 
Mr. Henry. Hardness? 
Mr. Dopexr. Hardness; nor really of the same formation in every 
case. We have a variety of rock, and it is generally found a mixture 
of all will furnish a sufficient binder, but if it lacks the binder we will 
