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STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES 



ceptacle among the flowers are called chaff. The family is 

 composed of two series: I. Tubuliflorae, with all the perfect 



Fig. 368. — Toad-flax {Linaria vulgaris). Inflorescence, showing normal 

 (spurred) flowers, and several abnormal flowers without spurs. 



flowers tubular, as in the daisy; II. Liguliflorae, with no 

 tubular flowers, but all the flowers having a strap-shaped 



