the ancient fioor of eroded crystallines in Brazil, are of the same 
age as the Talchir glacial conglomerates in India, the older glacial 
deposits of Queensland, New South Wales and Tasmania in the 
Australian region, and the Dwyka( cca ) ice deposits in the states of 
sduthern Africa. 
The presence just over the basal conglomerates in Brazil of a 
flora, purely agreeing in compsition and largely identical in species, 
with that in the beds succeeding the glacial boulder deposits in India, 
Australia and South Africa, compels the recognition of the existence, 
at the time of this deposition, of similar if not identical climatic 
conditions both in this part of Sout America and in the East. 
It does not follow that the flora actually developed and flourished 
ina glacial climate; but it is clear that it was adapted to a climate 
such as followed the retreat of the ice. The Greta beds, carryng 
forerunners of the Gangamopteris flora, appear essentially to repre- 
sent an interglacial formation about 72 meters in thickness and 
containing several coals. That the climate was severe is shown by 
the magerness of the flora on its first appearance; and that it was 
for a long time inhospitable to the Northern types is shown by the 
absence of the latter. 
The gradual enrichment ofthe Gangamopteris flora during Kar- 
harbari and Damuda time may be attributed to amelioration of cli- 
matic conditions. Thesame amelioration at an early date permitted 
the introduction of some of the hardier forms found among the 
Lepidophytes (1) of the Northern flora, or from the transitional or 
mesoclimatic zone. 
The changing composition of the flora goes to show a still 
milder climate during Damuda time, as is proven also by the enri- 
chment of the flora and by the accession of more varied northern 
types. 
This is marked in Brazil by the increase of the Lepidophytes, 
and the advent, in the higher portions ofthe sections, of, Psaronius 
with various coniferous types. Similarly, in India the Damuda is 
(1) The evidence of the power of overcoming climatic and migrational difficultics 
which the Lepidodendreae and Sigillarieae appear to have exercised in their invasion to 
the oldor Goudwana flora is in complete agreement with their extraordinary distribu- 
tion, often as identical species, over the earth’s land surfaces during later Devonian and 
in Carboniferous time. It isnot improbable that some of these Lepidophytes, including 
representativ-s of the Sigillaia Brardii group, were at no time driven beyond the 
outskirts of the Gangamoptoris flora, with which they were able to mingle on the abate- 
ment ofthe cold. 
