— 523 — 
ower nearer the border of the leaf. The normal leaves are sometimes 
accompanied by small scale-leaves, one of which is illustrated in 
fig. 7, on Plate vim. Nothing has been known of the fructification 
of the genus and the inclusion of Gangamopteris in the ferns has 
largely been due to its apparently close affinities with Glossopteris 
which has been regarded as a fern. 
From the very great abundance of specimens of the leaves, and 
their fine state of preservation it is hardly less than certain that, 
if ferns, they are dimorphic, the fertile fronds being not yet re- 
cognized. 
As will be more fully stated on a later page, the inflorescences 
that have been observed associated in the same beds both in India and 
in Brazil and which I have designated as Arberia, possibly belong to 
Gangamopteris rather than to Noeggerathiopsis. 
If this hypothesis proves true, there will no longer be any doubt 
as to the relationship of Gangamopteris to either pteridosperms or 
the gymonosperms. 
On account of its filicoid characters, its presumable genetic rela- 
tion to the Cyclopteroid (Neuropteroid) group, and the weight of its 
association with the fertile types described as Arberia and Der- 
byella, and on account of the serious negative argument of the 
absence of fertile fronds, recognized belonging to this genus I have 
little hesitation at placing the genus in the pteridosperms, in asso- 
ciation with Glossoptcris, Ottokaria, and the two inflorescent 
genera just mentioned. 
Another circumstance favoring the Cycadofilicate nature of Gan- 
gamopteris and Glossopteris is the occurrence of so large number 
of distinct species of Cardiocarpa in the same beds, though but one 
representative of the Cordaitales, Noeggerathiopsis Hislopi, appears to 
be present in the flora. Gangamopteris may well have been derived 
from a Cyclopterid type close to Cardiopteris, of the Northern Lower 
Carboniferous. 
The genus is represented by but few species, the principal and 
only widespread type being Gangamopteris cyclopteroides which is 
regarded by Seward and Arber as specifically inseparable from 
Gangamopteris obovata of the Brazilian coal measures. 
