viii CONTENTS 



VIII. Fruits and Seeds 108 



The Fruit — Classification and Definitions of Fruits — Seed 

 Distribution. 



IX. Seeds and Seedlings 117 



Seeds — Types of Seeds — Germination of Seeds — Environ- 

 mental Factors in Seed Germination — Utilization of Seeds. 



X. Cell Division 129 



Mitosis — Reduction Division. 



XI. Plant Phoducts 133 



Protoplasmic Cell Contents — Non-protoplasmic Cell Con- 

 tents: Starch, Inulin, Sugars, Alkaloids, Pigments, Cal- 

 cium Oxalate, Acids, Proteins, Amides, Tannins, Mucil- 

 ages and Gums, Oils and Resins, Fats and Fatty Oils, 

 Enzymes, Cell Wall. 



PART II— PHYSIOLOGY 



XII. The Plant as a Working Machine 149 



The Machine — Gases, Liquids and Solids — Solutions. 



XIII. The Relation of the Plant to Water 153 



Water Content — Necessity of Water — Water as a Food — 

 Location with Reference to Water — Methods of Absorp- 

 tion — Character of the Soil — The Rooting Habits of Plants 

 — Unavailable Water — Water Movements in the Soil — , 

 Relation of the Root Hairs to Soil and Water — Imbibition 

 — Osmosis — Demonstration of Osmotic Pressure — Diffu- 

 sion — Osmosis and Diffusion in the Plant — The Cell Mem- 

 branes — Chemical Changes — -Turgor — ^Hydrostatic Ri- 

 gidity — PlssiEolysis and Wilting — Osmosis and Nutrient 

 Salts — Sap and Root Pressure — ^The Effects of Plants on 

 the Soil. 



XIV. Transpiration 170 



Transpiration — Demonstration of Transpiration — The 

 Plant Mechanism Permitting Transpiration — Stomatal 

 Production and Movement — Conditions Influencing Tran- 

 spiration — Advantages of Transpiration — Excessive Tran- 

 spiration—Other Water Losses, Guttation, Bleeding, Secre- 

 tion — ^Water Transport — Girdling — Other Losses. 



