LIGHENE8. 



309 



cine. Species of Ehernia are sometimes used for furnishing yellow 

 dyes. 



Family 2. Parmeliei. Speei schneidera, Theloschistes, Parmelia 

 (Fig. 202), Physcia, Pyxine. From Parmelia panetina fine dyes have 

 been obtained. 



Family 3. Umbilicariei. Umbilica- 

 ria. 



Family 4. Peltigerei. Slicta (Fig. 

 313), N&phroma, Peltigera, Bolorina. Btie- 

 ta pulmonaeea was formerly used in medi- 

 cine, but it has fallen into disuse, except- 

 ing with quacks. 



Family 5. Pannariei. Meppia, Pan- 

 nana. 



Family 6. CoUemei. Ephebe, Lich- 

 ina, Synalissa, Omphalaria, Collema (Fig. 314), Leptogium, 



Fig. Z\i.—ColUma pulpnsum, 

 slightly magnified, showing the 

 apothecia. — After Sachs. 



Family 7. Lecanorei. Plaeodium, Leeanora, Binodina, Pertusa- 

 ria (Fig. 315, G), Gonoirema, Dirina, Oyalecta, Urceolaria, Thelotrema, 



Oyrostomum. Leeanora tarta- 

 rea iurnishjs a. dye, and L. 

 esculenta, of Asia Minor, sup- 

 plies a valuable food ; it is 

 sometimes " carried up by 

 whirlwinds and deposited affei 

 traversing the air for many 

 miles, giving rise to stories of 

 the miraculous descent of food. 

 A few years since, in a time of 

 great scarcity at Erzeroum, a 

 shower of these lichens fell 

 most opportunely, to the great . 

 relief of the inhabitants."* 



Tribe II. Lecidbacei. 



Apothecia rounded, open, pa- 

 telliform, contained in a proper 

 exciple. 



Family 1. Cladoniei. 8te- 

 reoeaulon, Piloplwrus, Gladonia. 

 Gladonia rangiferina is the 

 " Reindeer moss " of the Arctic 

 regions ; it furnishes a valuable food to the reindeer. 



Fig. HIS.— A, Qraphis elegams on a piece of 

 a twig of the holly ; B, the same slightly mag- 

 niflecf ; (7, Perlumria Wulfevi, slightly mag- 

 nified, on a piece of old wood. — After Sachs. 



* Berkeley : " Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany," p. 383. 



