472 CYSTIC STAGE OF TiENIA SAGINATA. 



and long-continued infection. The host of the adult tape-worm had 

 probably lived somewhere in the near neighbourhood of the cow. 



In Algiers, where Twnia saginata is very prevalent among Jews, 

 Mohammedans, and Christians,'- the bladder- worm was repeatedly 

 observed by Chauvel in the diaphragm, and by Arnould in the loins. 

 This was also the case in Beyrout, where Talairach, a French naval 

 surgeon, found bladder-worms in the meat supply after a large per- 

 centage of the crew had become infected by eating beefsteak d 

 V Anglaise.''' 



The frequency of the occurrence of the bladder-worm is of course 

 always determined by the conditions of infection, and these vary not 

 only according to the local circumstances and the abundance of the 

 tape-worm, but also according to the customs of the inhabitants and 

 their relations to the animal. This explains what has been lately 

 reported of the very wide distribution and extraordinary numbers of 

 this bladder-worm in Abyssinia and India, especially in the Punjaub, 

 where all these conditions are present. The most comprehensive 

 statements regarding this are those of the English physicians in India, 

 and especially Fleming and Lewis, ^ whose communications have 

 become widely known, owing to their publication in the English 

 Medical Journals,* and to Cobbold's summary of them.^ As above 

 mentioned, the bladder-worm is especially common in the Punjaub, 

 where in 1869 not less than 768 out of 13,800 cattle were infected 

 (Cunningham), while in the previous year the per-centage was even 

 greater (612 per cent, instead of 5'5). Fleming mentions that during 

 the six years of his service there he hardly ever saw an ox or a cow 

 that was not infected with bladder- worms, although theiy were not 

 always confined to the muscles. Nor were they only found separately, 

 but sometimes in such numbers that Lewis counted in a pound of 

 flesh no fewer than 300 living Cysticerci. The flesh was taken from 

 the psoas muscle, for which and for the glutei the bladder-worms 

 seem, according to the Indian experience, to have a special preference. 

 The parasites were also often gathered together in larger or smaller 

 numbers at the root of the tongue, in which position some of them 

 attained a length of almost an inch. 



This very frequent occurrence is accounted for when we learn 

 from the above-mentioned sources that the Indian oxen are not nearly 



• Ann. d. set. nat., t. xvii.. Art. 15, 1873. 

 2 Mim. Acad, mid., p. 998 : Paris, 1877. 



° The original papers are to be found chiefly in the Indian Medical Gazette, 1869, in 

 the Bombay Health Officer's Heport, 1870, and in the Madras Monthly Journ. Med. Set., 

 1873. 



* The Lancet, p. 860, 1872 ; The Veterinarian, p. 484, 1873. 



' "The Internal Parasites ofpur Domestic.Animala,'" Chaps, iii., iv., v. : London, 1874. 



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