530 OCCUKEENCE AND RESULTS OF T^NIA SOLIUM. 



and regularly distributed as the latter ; for the pig is not only on the 

 whole a much less common source of food than the ox, but in many 

 countries, and expecially in those of the Torrid Zone, it is either never 

 or only occasionally and exceptionally eaten. I may recall in this 

 connection the Abyssinians, who loathe swine's flesh, and are therefore 

 exempt from Tcenia solium — that is to say, from Eudolphi's hook- 

 bearing form. 



Owing to the confusion which has prevailed until our own day 

 regarding the diagnosis and nomenclature of the two chief tapfe-worms 

 found in man, it is impossible to determine rigidly their range of 

 distribution. But it is at least certain that Tcenia solium is found, not 

 only in Europe and in North America,^ but in Australia, India, Turke- 

 stan, and Japan, although in the last-named localities (in Japan, accord- 

 ing to a communication of Prof Baelz in Tokio, and in Turkestan, 

 according to Pedschenko) it is much less frequent than T. saginata. 

 Even in Europe it is well known that there are many countries (p. 480) 

 in which T. saginata predominates, while others are more infested 

 by T. solium. So far as we know, the latter is most frequent in 

 certain districts of England and Germany — such as Thuringia, Saxony, 

 Brunswick (" around the Harz," as Goze has remarked), Westphalia, 

 Hesse, ^ and Wiirttemberg, — in all of which the breeding of pigs 

 is common, and much pork is consumed. As we have already men- 

 tioned, its occurrence has of late, according to all appearance, been 

 much less frequent. In Leipzig, for example, where Tcenia solium 

 used to be frequently observed, it is now difficult to find a specimen 

 of it ; and Krabbe writes to me that in Denmark the per-centage has, 

 within the last ten years, diminished from 53 to 20. I need hardly 

 add that this decrease is a triumphant result of our helminthological 

 investigations. The relations of Tcenia solium to the Cysticercus cellu- 

 loses have become more widely known, and the flesh of the pig, which 

 also harbours Trichina, is more carefully inspected, and less frequently 



^ Regarding the occurrence of Taenia solium. In North America (among negroes and 

 white people), see Weinland, " Tape^Worms of Man," p. 39 : Cambridge, U.S.A., 1858. 



^ Of fifty-seven cases of tape-worms in Giessen known to me during the first year of 

 the seventh decade of this century, forty-five were Tcenia solium. Miiller also reports in hia 

 " Statistik der menschlichen Entozoen" (see p. 151) that of twelve cases of tape-worm found 

 in the hospital at Dresden, ten were due to this woi'm, and in Erlangen only seven out of ten. 

 Eor the sake of comparison, I may add that Krabbe in Copenhagen found T. solium fifty- 

 three times out of a hundred cases, Giacornini in Turin four times out of eight, Grassi in Milan 

 three times out of twenty-five cases, and Marchi in Turin once out of thirty-five. Toema 

 solium is thus much less frequent in Italy than in the middle and north of Europe ; but 

 of course this does not exclude the possibility of its being found in greater numbers in par- 

 ticular places. Sangalli, for example, reports that this is the case in Rome. Regarding 

 the occurrence of the tape- worm in Italy, see Grassi — " Contribut. alio stud, dell' Elmin- 

 tolog.," Gaz, med. Jtal.-Lomh., t. i., p. 4, 1879 ; and for Krabbe's reports, see his Ugeskrift 

 for Laeger, Bd. vii., No. 7, 1869. 



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