MULTIPLE OCCUEEENCE IN ONE HOST. 535 



The occurrence of the bladder-worm in groups explains how the 

 presence of several specimens of the Tamia solium within one host is 

 much more frequent than was the case with T. saginata (the " ver 

 solitaire"). Two or three of the former often live together in the 

 same intestine, and from six to ten specimens are not uncommon. 

 Sometimes the number is still greater/ as is proved by the cases of 

 Kybuss, who within eight hours expelled twenty-five tape-worms 

 from one patient ; of Heller, who disentangled twenty-eight individuals 

 from an expelled ball of tape-worms ; and of Kleefeld, who actually 

 observed forty-one chains existing simultaneously within one in- 

 dividual. The last subject had, it is expressly noted, eaten raw pork 

 daily for four years, and had not even rejected what was measly. ^ 

 Similarly Kuchenmeister reports the case of a man who voided thirty- 

 three Tmnim at once. He was, as Kiichenmeister remarks, "the 

 sweetheart of a butcher's daughter, and often got bladder-worms to 

 swallow from his love." I myself knew a case of a hysterical woman, 

 who was ordered to eat raw flesh for dietetic reasons, and who 

 expelled seventeen tape-worms on two occasions within eight days. • 



Jews, who eat no flesh of swine, of course remain free from Tcenia 

 solium, but are hardly less infested with T. saginata than their 

 Christian neighbours. 



With regard to the length of life and position of the worm, and with 

 regard to the disorders due to its presence in the intestine, it is 

 pprhaps enough to refer to what we have already said about T. 

 saginata. This difference ought, however, to be noted, that the 

 phenomena of intestinal irritation, and the resulting nutritive and 

 nervous disturbances, are very much less intense in T. solium than in 

 the case of T. saginata.^ We may, indeed, infer this from the fact 

 that T. solium not only grows more slowly, and is as a whole not only 

 shorter, but also much less muscular, and, therefore, that by its con- 

 tractions the intestinal mucous membrane and its villi are less fre- 

 quently and less intensely irritated. On the other hand, T. solium 

 has, of course, in its circlet of hooks a weapon which is probably not 

 without importance from a medical point of view. We know, indeed, 



' I must leave it undecided whether Gmelin's report of finding 200 tape-worms 

 together in one host is really based on fact (Linn., "Syst. nat.," ed. xiii., t. i., p. 6, 

 p. 306). 



' Deutsche KUnih, No. 16, 1853. 



' Lewih has lately (Ann. d. ChariU-KranTcenlutuses, p. 656, Th. ii., Berlin, 1875) 

 asserted that the frequent disturbances of the nervous respiratory and circulatory functions 

 occurring in tape-worm patients are not due to the tape-worm, but to the Cysticerci 

 which likewise occur. But he forgets that these phenomena are much more constant 

 and striking in the case of Tcenia aaginata, which has never yet been observed in the 

 Cysticercoid state in man. 



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