INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 
FIGURE PAGE 
1. Plank properly fixed with heart side against the beam . 5 
2. Plank improperly fixed with outside against the beam . 5 
3 4, 6. Medullary rays, or silver grain . 2 : . 5 . @ 
3.¢. Concentric circles, or annual layers : , - 6 
4. Conversion of sap-wood into heart-wood . . é - 9 
5. Do. do. partially completed . F .- 9 
6. Conical or tapering form of woody layers. i r 15 
7. Pith, snake-like form of  . : : é 5 * - 24 
8 a, 6. Heart-shake defect . . ‘ : : : F > 28 
9. Do. do. twisting form . ‘ ei F 4 » 29 
10. Do. do. atright angles to each other . é - 29 
11. Star-shake defect . j : E 4 F 30 
12 a, 4, Cup-shake defect : 5 ‘ a ‘ F . 5 31 
13. Defect caused by a broken branch E ‘ : 37 
14. Proper mode of pruning. : : ¢ : » 38 
15.  Rindgall defect . : : 3 : ie 5 . - 39 
16a, 6, British Oak, Rough, form of iog A ‘ é 3 3. 92 
17 a, 6. Do. Sided, do. ; “ ‘ 4 : 5 293 
18. Do. Compass, do. < . 3 = : = 74 
19. Do. do. do. A . “ F f - 74 
20a, 6. French Oak, mode of hewing. i ‘i 3 2 399 
21a, 6, Italian Oak, compass form of log ¢ 5 . z . 86 
22. Riga Oak, semicircular, do. é ‘ - ij - 96 
23. African Oak, irregular, do. : : . 3 4 - 146 
24. Spanish Mahogany, general, do. . F c 5 . 170 
25. Jarrah, mode of flitching . 2 3 3 « 193 
26a, 6, English Elm, rough, form of log . ‘ ‘ F ; 223 
27. Canada Rock Elm, defective annual layers . 2 2 . 226 
28a, %& Canada Red Pine, mode of hewing : : « 272 
29. Canada Yellow Pine. do. © ‘ 2 . 2 277 
30. Do. Section showing seven pieces taken 
across the full breadth of the tree . a . . + 279 
31. Canada Yellow Pine. Section showing eight pieces, do. . 282 
32a,4,c. American Pitch Pine. Section and twelve lengths of the 
inner and outer layers . q 5 : ‘ » 288 
33. New Zealand Kaurie. Section showing four pieces taken 
itm one side, and two pieces from the other side of 
pith . ° é ‘ é ‘ : : 7 « 298 
34. New Zealand Kaurie. Section, and butt, middle, and top ? 
lengths, three on each side of the pith . . - + 300 
