CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER I. 
Trees, Exogenous species—Forms of stems—Direction of branches— 
Heart-wood—Sap-wood — Bark— Pith—Medullary rays—Ascent 
and descent of sap—Cambium—Lignine—Annual layers, &c. 
CHAPTER II. 
Annual layers at top and butt of trees—Boabab—Cedars of Lebanon— 
Sizes and ages of trees—Rate of growth—Position of maximum 
strength—Signs when past oe 
Natural seasoning—Proper time for felling, &c. . . . 
CHAPTER IIL. 
Trees, hedge-grown—Copse-grown—Effects of variety of soil—In- 
fluence on water ee ee when eee Ms snake- 
like, &c. . - ; > 
CHAPTER IV. 
Defects—Heart-shake—Woods affected—In Teak attributed to ring- 
ing or gore Bae to Exogenous species—Various forms 
of, &c. 7 . . . . . . . . 
CHAPTER V. 
Defects—Star-shake—External evidence of—Trees most frequent in— 
Cup-shake—Varieties of—Occur in sound trees—to some extent 
local, &e. . ‘ 3 é . - : . ‘ 2 3 
CHAPTER VI. 
Annual layers of irregular growth—Departure from natural coloyr— 
Spots—Swellings—Removal of branches— Broken branches— 
Mode of ee snes ee Sata to select timber, 
spars, planks, deals, &c. . ‘ s ‘ 3 . ¥ 
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