278 = = ZIMBER AND TIMBER TREES. [CHAP. 
have been broken in their fall, and are doubtless about 
the best that can be obtained for conversion into 
board. 
In addition to the masts and timber, a few deals are 
imported. These are cut 3 inches thick, and vary in 
breadth from 9 to 24 inches, and occasionally even to 32 
inches. In length they vary from Io to 20 feet. They 
are sorted in Canada into three parcels, and designated 
first, second, and third quality, according as they are 
found free from knots, sap, defects, &c., &c., or otherwise. 
They are further denominated “bright,” when passed 
direct from the saw-mills to the craft for shipment, in 
contradistinction to others, termed “ floated,” which are 
often brought over long distances on rafts, and get a 
little discoloured in their transit. They are commonly 
sold at per 120, St. Petersburg standard, and the price 
of the “floated” usually stands depreciated in the 
market to the extent of about Io or 12 per cent. below 
the price of “bright” deals. A simple red chalk mark, 
thus—I., II., and III., drawn across the middle or side 
of the deals, is the only distinguishing brand they have 
to denote their quality. 
Yellow Pine timber is subject to the cup and heart 
shake defects, and there is also a slight degree of spon- 
giness about the centre or early annual layers of the 
older trees, which detracts a little from their value. 
Further, the top end of the logs are often coarse and 
knotty, which renders that part unfit for conversion into 
small scantlings ; but, otherwise, it is a good and profit- 
able description of timber for use, in substitution for the 
heavier and harder Pines. 
The subjoined tables of experiments on the strength 
of Yellow Pine will afford a means of comparison with 
other species. 
