Beef Producers of the West 41 
and springs, he can in this way control the use of a large 
area of outside range for which he has no legal title. In 
addition to controlling a large tract of government land, 
the cattle-man may run some of his stock on the Forest 
Reserves in the summer. In the case of much of the open 
range, however, no one stockman has complete control; 
but instead, cattle belonging to a number of persons will 
be found running together. This is true of nearly all of 
the government land, whether unappropriated or Forest 
Reserve. 
The system of management is comparatively simple. 
During the summer the cattle are run on the range, mainly 
in the higher and more inaccessible districts. Wherever 
possible, the cattle are worked from the lower to the 
higher altitudes as summer approaches, so that by June 
or July they are on the high mountain pasture where the 
grass is green in midsummer but where the grazing season 
is very short. As fall comes the cattle are moved down to 
lower altitudes where the season is longer and where in 
some cases the cattle may graze all winter. They are 
given little care except occasionally to give them salt and 
to see that they do not stray too far away. One man will 
look after several hundred cattle. Practically no attempt 
is made in the way of herding. In some cases there is 
a little line riding; that is, guarding a certain line to 
prevent the cattle from going into some district where 
they are not wanted, or perhaps to keep them from stray- 
ing into the Forest Reserve when no permit has been 
granted. In the fall of the year the cattle are rounded 
up; that is, the entire district is carefully ridden over, all 
the cattle gathered together at one or more central points. 
At this time those that are to be sold are separated and 
sent to market. Sometimes the cattle are rounded up in 
