42 Western Live-stock ALanagement 
a certain district two or three times during the fall; in 
other cases, there will only be one round-up at this sea- 
son. It is usually necessary for several men to get to- 
gether in order to collect their cattle. When the round-up 
is over, the cattle which are not to be sold or taken into 
some other range or pasture are turned loose again. The 
round-up also gives opportunity for each man to separate 
his cattle from the others and for branding the calves. 
When winter comes, the cattle are worked down on to the 
lower lands where there will perhaps be some bunch-grass 
saved up for fall and winter range, or they may be put on 
the meadows after the hay has been cut. On the gov- 
ernment land it is practically impossible to save any grass 
for winter use, but a little may be saved on the land which 
belongs to the stockman and which is under fence. This 
grass which has grown up in the summer and died down in 
the fall makes an excellent feed when abundant, and when 
the snow is not too deep provides a good and economical 
method of wintering cattle. The inability of cattle-men 
to control the range, however, usually makes it difficult 
to save any considerable amount of grass for winter use, 
and thus the stockman is obliged to feed a large amount 
of hay, even when there is little snow on the ground. The 
feeding of hay is put off until as late in the winter as 
possible, since the cattle will not rustle for grass to any 
advantage after they have once had a taste of hay. The 
amount of hay used, in any case, is comparatively small. 
One ton a head is the usual allowance. Most of the 
hay used is wild hay, grain hay, or alfalfa. When spring 
comes the calves are branded and the cattle turned out 
on the lower ranges. The steers are ordinarily kept until 
they are three years old, although some stockmen who 
have sufficient hay for fall pasture to fatten them in the 
