The West 9 
improved ranches in or near the Forest Reserves. Second 
preference is given old users of the range who reside at a 
distance. Last consideration is given new non-resident 
owners. The fees for grazing are not the same on all 
ranges, but for year-long permits are usually within the 
following limits : 
Sheep, 15-16 cents a head a year 
Cattle, 60-64 cents a head a year 
Horses, 75-80 cents a head a year 
Swine, 36-38 cents a head a year 
For a grazing period of less than a year, the charge 
for a month is about one-tenth of the annual fee. Since 
the Forest Ranges include most of the higher elevations, 
the year-long permits are confined to the Southwest, 
while in the northern states the permits are usually for 
less than six months, and commonly for only four. When 
the Forest Reserves were first established, there was much 
friction between the Range officials and the stockmen, 
but the system has finally been adjusted so as to be 
reasonably fair to all, and the stockmen now have much 
better control over their grazing lands than under the 
open range system. The Forest officials act largely in 
coéperation with the local stockmen’s associations and 
the stockmen know definitely what they may expect. 
The 210,000,000 acres of Forest Reserve pay no taxes, 
but 35 per cent of the receipts goes to the counties in 
which the range is located for the construction of roads 
and trails anywhere within the county and 10 per cent 
for roads and trails exclusively within the Reserve. In 
this way, they help support the local governments, al- 
though to a much less extent than if they were deeded 
lands subject to the usual rates of taxation. 
