54 Western Live-stock Management 
as a dairy cow and yields about one-third the income. 
To put him in the stable and feed him in the same manner 
as a dairy cow would be an economic impossibility, al- 
though the finest kind of beef might be produced in this 
way. The beef steer cannot compete with the dairy cow 
or the pig for feeds which these animals can use. 
BULLS 
Like nearly all male animals, bulls will last longer, have 
a larger percentage of calves, and handle a larger number 
of cows when they are not allowed to run with the cows at 
will, but are kept up and the cows brought to them when 
they come in heat. In spite of these facts, however, where 
beef is raised on a large scale it seems absolutely necessary 
that the bulls be allowed to run with the cows. The bad 
results arising from this practice can be and are largely 
overcome by providing more bulls and by using only 
mature or fairly mature bulls. In many places there is 
such an indiscriminate mixing of the herds that the owners 
do not know whether their calves are from their own 
bulls or from their neighbor’s bulls, or even from some 
maverick that has escaped castration. Under these con- 
ditions there is little incentive toward the use of good 
sires. The range-man should, therefore, see that his 
cattle are so managed that his cows, and his cows only, 
are served with his bull. This may be accomplished in 
three ways: codperation, line riding, and fencing, or 
perhaps by all of these together. Since the range-man 
seldom owns all of the land upon which he runs his cattle, 
fencing cannot be generally practiced, and even when he 
does own his range, the land may be so poor that the task 
of fencing enough off to make grazing possible for his 
