Pure-bred Cattle 113 
kept in high flesh but must be handled in such a manner 
as to give the largest quantity of milk for their calves. The 
calves, however, which are intended for sale, especially 
the bulls, must be kept fat and growing from the very 
day of their birth. The bulls are usually sold at about a 
year to a year and a half of age, and when selling time 
comes they must be fat and have plenty of weight for their 
age, and this fat and weight can be obtained only through 
the medium of liberal feeding. The feed that will pro- 
duce a good steer will not make a satisfactory bull for two 
reasons. First, the bull is restless and quarrelsome and 
will not make as good use of scanty feed as a steer; second, 
the beef-producer will not buy a bull that is not finer 
looking, fatter, and above all, bigger for age than the 
steers which he has at home. It is said by some that the 
poorly fed bull will be as good a breeder as the one that 
has had better treatment. This may or may not be true, 
but it is absolutely certain that a bull will not sell for his 
true value if he does not have good weight for age and does 
not have meat on his back. 
Calves born in the spring should be taught to eat grain 
at least by late in the summer so that when weaned they 
will be able to go on a ration of grain and hay without 
any set-back. They should have all the grain they want 
together with plenty of good hay through the first winter 
and in fact until the time when they are sold, with a 
possible exception of a short period during the second 
spring when the grass is especially good. Most breeders 
of pure-bred cattle prefer a fall to a spring calf. If the 
cows are given reasonable shelter and good feed, they will 
milk well all winter and the calves will thrive, and when 
grass comes the calves are just at the age when the spring 
calves would be weaned, but the fall calves do not have 
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