a0 
We have often therefore an indication for the dilatation 
of the cervix; the old reason for this operation, however, 
viz., a growing together of the mucosa, is an extremely rare 
one in cows which have had a calf. Stenosis of course can 
be caused by other conditions than by the growing together 
of the mucosa. 
The dilatation of the cervix has been frequently a satis- 
factory measure. Esbensen (Sollestedt) told me that he had 
Fig. 13. 
very good successes with this operation on one estate; but 
in many other cases the treatment was without result, most 
likely due to the circumstance that there were complications, 
or that the operation was not complete. 
It is also very possible that hyperemia of the uterus-horns 
obstructs the passage of the spermatozoa. Its mucosa 
may be covered with mucous matter and arranged in folds. 
The lumen of the horns, specially in the apex, is so very 
small that even a slight swelling of the mucosa can close the 
opening. 
An early abortion is nothing uncommon in cows, and it 
