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Per rectum the abnormalities of the ovaries and of the 
oviducts can be made out, also tumors, adhesions, etc. 
Examining the vagina, and pulling the cervix into the 
vagina with a sharp hook or with a big forceps, one generally 
will find that the cervix is the seat of considerable affections. 
It is more or less swollen, injected and, as a rule, secernating. 
The normal cervix is a cone of 2-3 cm. length which pro- 
trudes into the oral part of the vagina, On its apex is the 
os uteri which is surrounded by even folds of the pink 
mucosa. (Fig. 1.) Under normal conditions the cervix is 
dry without any considerable secretion and the os uteri is 
Fig. 1—Normal Cervix and Orificium Extern. 
tightly closed. During estrum a hyperemy is present, and 
the mucosa is moderately, but distinctly, injected; the os 
uteri and the cervical canal is then so far open that a finger 
or a large catheter can easily penetrate; an abundant, thin, 
glassy and mucous exsudate is discharged. 
The cervical canal is 6-17 cm. long and has a mucosa 
without glands. Zschokke says is has a stratified squamous 
epithelium, Martin, that is has a simple columnar epithelium, 
sometimes with ciliar cells. The mucosa has vertical folds 
which form in three places heavy rings, partly through an 
enlargment of the folds, and partly through a thickening of 
