ZS 
thickened, and its surface layers partly obliterated with bands 
of connective tissue. 
Tuff demonstrates with his histological sections that 
diseases of the uterus are quite frequent, and that most of 
these affections are catarrhs. Only three cases of cervical 
trouble were found. These findings confirm the opinion ol 
Kitt who says that the diphtheric, croupous, ulcerating, 
hemorrhagical and phlegmonous metritis is generally of an 
acute character, while the chronic cases are more catarrhal 
or purulent. It is certain that many of these chronic cases 
are slight inflammatory processes, which do not produce any 
permanent change in the attacked mucosa. Many of them 
show only hyperemia and swelling of the mucosa, and hyper- 
secretion of sometimes quite normal exudate. Such condi- 
tions are hard to recognize in a postmortem examination, 
but are nevertheless capable of producing sterility if they are 
prevalent in the time of the estrum. 
If the veterinarian examines carefully the genital organs 
of sterile cows per vaginam, per rectum and by drawing back 
the cervix, he will in most of the cases find a pathologic con- 
dition of the uterus. 
Before entering in the description of these lesions I think 
it opportune to give some diagnostic hints about the normal 
and the diseased, the pregnant and the sterile uterus. In- 
timate knowledge of these conditions is absolutely necessary, 
as the treatment depends entirely on the ability to make the 
proper diagnosis. It is specially important to differentiate 
between an early stage of pregnancy and certain pathologic 
conditions of the uterus. 
The normal nonpregnant uterus is of different size, 
according to the animals age; it is relatively longer and. 
thinner in young animals than in old ones which have had 
several calves, but much variation is found. 
Zschokke states that the normal body of the uterus in a 
nonpregnant stage is 2,5 cm. long and the horns up to 25 
cm., with a thickeness of 34 cm. The cervix is on the average 
