476 MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY sect. 



The duodenum {duo) leaves the gizzard quite close to the 

 entrance of the proventriculus and forms a distinct loop 

 enclosing the pancreas. The rest of the small intestine is 

 called the ilium {ilm) : it passes without change of diameter 

 into the rectum or large intestine {ret), the junction between 

 the two being marked only by a pair of small blind pouches 

 or cceca {civ). The cloaca is a large chamber divided into 

 three compartments. 



There are small buccal glands opening into the mouth, but 

 none that can be called salivary. The liver {lr) is large, and 

 is divisible into right and left lobes, each opening by its own 

 duct {b. d. i, b. d. 2), into the duodenum : there is no gall 

 bladder. The pancreas {pn) is a compact reddish gland 

 lying in the loop of the duodenum, into which it discharges 

 its secretion by three ducts {pn. d. i-j). A thick- walled 

 glandular pouch, the bursa Fabricii {b. fabr), lies against 

 the dorsal wall of the cloaca in young birds, and opens into 

 the cloaca : it atrophies in the adult. 



The' spleen {spl) is an ovoid red body, of unusually small 

 proportional size, attached by peritoneum to the right side 

 of the proventriculus. There are paired thyroids at the base 

 of the neck ; and, in young pigeons, there is an elongated 

 thymus on each side of the neck. The adrenals (Fig. 292, 

 adr) are irregular yellow bodies placed at the anterior ends 

 of the kidneys. 



The glottis (Fig. 287,^/) is situated just behind the root 

 of the tongue and leads into the larynx, which is supported 

 by cartilages, but does not, as in other vertebrates, function 

 as the organ of voice. From the larynx an elongated tube, 

 the trachea or windpipe, the wall of which is supported by 

 numerous bony rings, runs back along the ventral aspect of 

 the neck to enter the body-cavity, where it divides into the 

 right {r. br) and left bronchi, one passing to each of the lungs. 



