12 



two being the terminal end of the ileum. From this ileo-caecal junction, 

 which is on the medial side and usually near the ventral end of the last 

 rib, the caecum extends caudo-dorsally and its rounded blind end more 

 commonly lies at the right side of the pelvic inlet ; sometimes, however, it 

 lies within the pelvic cavity. In the cow from which plate X was made 

 the caecum was flexed so that its caudal or free extremity was situated ven- 

 tral to the transverse process of the fourth lumbar vertebra. The caecum 

 is closely attached along its medial side to the mesentery, except the caudal 

 third, which is free and hence liable to some variation in position. As may 

 be seen from PL II, the two portions of the omentum, parietal and visceral, 

 separate the caecum from the abdominal parietes of the right flank. 



The large intestine. The greater portion of the large intestine is arranged 

 in double elliptical coils between the layers of the mesentery in the right 

 dorsal part of the abdominal cavity. Pis. II, III. The large intestine is 

 related to the dorso-lateral portion of the right abdominal wall, to the 

 greater omentum, the first portion of the duodenum, the caecum and to 

 the pancreas. On its medial side it is related principally to the rumen and 

 the left kidney, PI. IV. Unlike those of the horse, the caecum and large 

 intestine have no muscle-bands and are not sacculated. In cattle the 

 relations of the large intestine, particularly to the mesentery of the small 

 intestine, are such that torsion of the large intestine is practically impossible. 

 From the caecum the large intestine extends cephalad for a short distance 

 (lo cm.) and then turns abruptly dorso-caudally near the ventral ends of 

 the last two ribs. It then extends caudally (25 to 30 cm.) along the dorsal 

 surface of the caecum, to the caudal part of the sublumbar region. Here it 

 turns dorsally and extends cephalad, parallel to the portion just mentioned 

 but separated from it by intervening portions of the large intestine, as far 

 as to the second (or first) lumbar vertebra, where it turns ventro-caudally 

 and is continued by the spiral portion of the large intestine. The coiled 

 portion of the intestine makes two complete turns in a direct or clockwise 

 course (centripetal coils) and two complete turns in a retrograde or counter- 

 clockwise direction (centrifugal coils). The length of the large intestine 

 of an adult Holstein cow, measured in a fresh condition, was 27 feet, 

 somewhat shorter than the average length. Palpation per rectum of the 

 caectun and the caudal portions of the small and large intestines is easily 

 effected. 



Costal attachment of the diaphragm. The costal attachment of the dia- 

 phragm in cattle should be specially noticed. In a cow one year of age the 

 costal attachment of the diaphragm was as follows : Beginning at the ven- 



