13 



tral end of the eighth rib the hne marking the most ventral limit of attach- 

 ment crossed the asternal ribs at the following respective distances dorsal 

 to the costo-chondral junction : the tenth rib, 3.8 cm. ; the eleventh rib, 

 6.3 cm. ; the twelfth 'rib, 12 cm. ; and the thirteenth rib, 16.5 cm. dorsal to 

 the costo-chondral junction. The extent of diaphragmatic attachment to 

 each rib was as follows : to the costicartilage and slightly to the ventral end 

 of the eighth rib ; to the ninth rib the diaphragm was attached for a dis- 

 tance of 3.8 cm. from the costo-chondral junction ; to the tenth rib, a dis- 

 tance of 5 cm. ; to the eleventh rib, a distance of 6.4 cm. ; to the twelfth rib, 

 a distance of 5.7 cm. ; and to the thirteenth rib, a distance of 2 cm. The 

 line of reflection of the costo-diaphragmatic pleura was at a greater dis- 

 tance from the ventral ends of the ribs than the extreme dorsal limit of 

 muscle attachment and varied from 2.5 cm. at the eighth rib to 6 cm. at the 

 twelfth rib. The pleura did not touch any portion of the thirteenth rib. 

 From the above measurements, but especially from Pis. Ill, IV, VI, VII, 

 X, it may be seen that the size of the thoracic cavity is surprisingly small. 

 Not only is the diaphragm attached at some considerable distance from the 

 ventral ends of the asternal ribs, but its central portion extends as far ceph- 

 alad as opposite the sixth rib. Auscultation or percussion over that por- 

 tion of the thoracic parietes formed by the ventral half or two thirds of 

 the asternal ribs, i.e. below the line of diaphragmatic attachment to the 

 ribs, would obviously relate to abdominal organs and not to those of the 

 thorax. 



The liver lies almost wholly to the right of the median plane. Its long axis 

 extends from the cephalic end of the right kidney to opposite the ventral 

 end of the sixth or even the fifth rib, Pis. II, III. Its parietal or dia- 

 phragmatic surface is for the most part in contact with the diaphragm, but 

 a small portion of its dorsal extremity touches the dorsal end of the last one 

 or two ribs and a small portion of the adjoining wall of the abdomen. The 

 visceral surface is concave and irregular. This surface is related to the retic- 

 ulum, gall bladder, duodenum, pancreas, right kidney and adrenal, portal 

 lymph glands and the portal vein. Pis. II, III. This surface is marked by 

 the portal fissure and by impressions of the reticulum, omasum, gall bladder 

 and duodenum. The dorsal border is short and thick and is marked by the 

 deep renal fossa made by the cephalic end of the right kidney and adrenal ; 

 at this border also is the large, thick, quadrilateral-shaped caudate lobe of 

 the liver. The ventral border is short, thin and unbroken. The right 

 border contains the umbilical fossa. On the left border, almost directly 

 opposite the umbilical fossa, is the oesophageal notch. The area for per- 

 cussion of the liver is shown in Pis. II, III. 



