126 Luck, or Cunning ? 
breach which has let the non-living effect a lodgment 
within the body must, in all equity, let the organic character 
—bodiliness, so to speak—pass out beyond its limits and 
effect a lodgment in our temporary and extra-corporeal 
limbs. What, on the protoplasmic theory, the skin and 
bones are, that the hammer and spade are also; they 
differ in the degree of closeness and permanence with which 
they are associated with protoplasm, but both bones and 
hammers are alike non-living things which protoplasm uses 
for its own purposes and keeps closer or less close at hand 
as custom and convenience may determine. ° 
According to this view, the non-protoplasmic parts of 
the body are tools of the first degree ; they are not living, 
but they are in such close and constant contact with that 
which really lives, that an aroma of life attaches to them. 
Some of these, however, such as horns, hooves, and tusks, 
are so little permeated by protoplasm that they cannot 
rank much higher than the tools of the second degree, which 
come next to them in order. 
These tools of the second degree are either picked up 
ready-made, or are manufactured directly by the body, as 
being torn or bitten into shape, or as stones picked up to 
throw at prey or at an enemy. 
Tools of the third degree are made by the instrumen- 
tality of tools of the second and first degrees ; as, for ex- 
ample, chipped flint, arrow-heads, &c. 
Tools of the fourth degree are made by those of the third, 
second, and first. They consist of the simpler compound 
instruments that yet require to be worked by hand, as 
hammers, spades, and even hand flour-mills. 
Tools of the fifth degree are made by the help of those 
of the fourth, third, second, and first. They are com- 
pounded of many tools, worked, it may be, by steam or 
water and requiring no constant contact with the body. 
But each one of these tools of the fifth degree was made 
in the first instance by the sole instrumentality of the four 
