Property and Common Sense 129 
must tools and machines. If, on the other hand, tools 
and machines are held non-living inasmuch as they only 
owe what little appearance of life they may present when 
in actual use to something else that lives, and have no life 
of their own—so, though in a less degree, must the non- 
protoplasmic parts of the body. Allow an overflowing 
aroma of life to vivify the horny skin under the heel, and 
from this there will be a spilling which will vivify the boot 
in wear. Deny an aroma of life to the boot in wear, 
and it must ere long be denied to ninety-nine per cent. 
of the body ; and if the body -is not alive while it can 
walk and talk, what in the name of all that is unreasonable 
can be held to be so ? 
That the essential identity of bodily organs and tools is 
no ingenious paradoxical way of putting things is evident 
from the fact that we speak of bodily organs at all. Organ 
means tool. There is nothing which reveals our most 
genuine opinions to us so unerringly as our habitual and 
unguarded expressions, and in the case under consideration 
so completely do we instinctively recognise the underlying 
identity of tools and limbs, that scientific men use the word 
“organ” for any part of the body that discharges a func- 
tion, practically to the exclusion of any other term. Of 
course, however, the above contention as to the essential 
identity of tools and organs does not involve a denial of 
their obvious superficial differences—differences so many 
and so great as to justify our classing them in distinct 
categories so long as we have regard to the daily purposes 
of life without looking at remoter ones. 
If the above be admitted, we can reply to those who in 
an earlier chapter objected to our saying that if Mr. Darwin 
denied design in the eye he should deny it in the burglar’s 
jemmy also. For if bodily and non-bodily organs are 
essentially one in kind, being each of them both living and 
non-living, and each of them only a higher development of 
principles already admitted and largely acted on in the 
I 
