Conclusion 265 
taneous, instinctive, and universal among those most able 
to form an opinion, to admit of further doubt about this. 
We must also have mind and design. The attempt to 
eliminate intelligence from among the main agencies of the 
universe has broken down too signally to be again ventured 
upon—not until the recent rout has been forgotten. Never- 
theless the old, far-foreseeing Deus ex machina design as 
from a point outside the universe, which indeed it directs, 
but of which it is no part, is negatived by the facts of 
organism. What, then, remains, but the view that I have 
again in this book endeavoured to uphold—I mean, the 
supposition that the mind or cunning of which we see such 
abundant evidence all round us, is, like the kingdom of 
heaven, within us, and within all things at all times every- 
where ? There is design, or cunning, but it is a cunning not 
despotically fashioning us from without as a potter fashions 
his clay, but inhering democratically within the body which 
is its highest outcome, as life inheres within an animal or 
plant. 
All animals and plants are corporations, or forms of 
democracy, and may be studied by the light of these, as 
democracies, not infrequently, by that of animals and plants. 
The solution of the difficult problem of reflex action, for 
example, is thus facilitated, by supposing it to be depart- 
mental in character ; that is to say, by supposing it to be 
action of which the department that attends to it is alone 
cognisant, and which is not referred to the central govern- 
ment so long as things go normally. As long, therefore, as 
this is the case, the central government is unconscious of 
what is going on, but its being thus unconscious is no 
argument that the department is unconscious also. 
I know that contradiction in terms lurks within much 
that I have said, but the texture of the world is a warp 
and woof of contradiction in terms ; of continuity in dis- 
continuity, and discontinuity in continuity ; of unity in 
diversity, and of diversity in unity. As in the develop- 
